an axial histologic cross-section (fig. 1) that evidently shows several layers surrounding the nerve fascicles, including an outer layer that cannot always be clearly separated from the adjacent epineurial layers. Both layers are very thin ( 0.2 mm). Thus, by intentionally breaching this layer, we believe that both layers are punctured, and the needle tip is inside the nerve, which we referred ...

"Don't look and it won't hurt" is commonly heard advice when receiving an injection, which implies that observing needle pricks enhances pain perception. Throughout our lives, we repeatedly learn that sharp objects cause pain when penetrating our skin, but situational expectations, like information given by the clinician prior to an injection, may also influence how viewing needle pricks affect...

Methods of cell biology and electrophysiology using dissociated primary cultured neurons allow in vitro study of molecular functions; however, analysis of intact neuronal circuitry is often preferable. To investigate exogenous genes, viral vectors are most commonly injected using a pipette that is inserted from the top of the cortex. Although there are few reports that describe the success rate...

Insertion of foreign molecules such as functionalized fluorescent probes, antibodies, or plasmid DNA to living cells requires overcoming the plasma membrane barrier without harming the cell during the staining process. Many techniques such as electroporation, lipofection or microinjection have been developed to overcome the cellular plasma membrane, but they all result in reduced cell viability...

Abstract The operating range of a compressor is limited by surge or rotating stall line, among others. Numerical simulations must accurately predict these phenomena. This study based on the experimental CME2, which low-subsonic axial compressor. tip-critical as rotor tip responsible for stall. paper shows that onset flow rate well captured computational fluid dynamics, compared to experiments. ...

The radial (penny-shaped) model of hydraulic fracture is considered. tangential traction on the walls incorporated, including an updated evaluation energy release rate (fracture criterion), system asymptotics and need to account for stagnant zone formation near injection point. impact incorporating shear stress construction solvers, effectiveness approximating parameters using first term crack ...

An association between intercostal nerve block and the development of a total spinal is rare. Usually, subarachnoid injection is considered to have followed intraneural placement or inadvertent entrance into a dural cuff extending beyond an intervertebral foramen. We report a patient that followed injection of local anaesthetic into a paravertebral catheter sited at surgery in the thoracic para...

Real-time intraoperative B-scan optical coherence tomography (OCT) visualization of intraocular tissues is a desired ophthalmic feature during retinal procedures. A novel intraocular 25-gauge B-mode forward-imaging OCT probe was combined with a 36-gauge needle into a prototype instrument. Imaging of the needle tip itself and the effects of saline injection into a gelatin phantom were performed....

The use of pressure waves to confirm the correct position of the epidural needle has been described in several domestic species and proposed as a valid alternative to standard methods, namely, control radiographic exam and fluoroscopy. The object of this retrospective clinical study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the epidural pressure waves as a test to verify the correct needle placement i...

Metal microelectrodes are widely used in neuroscience research, and could potentially replace macroelectrodes in various neuro-stimulation applications where their small size, specificity, and their ability to also measure unit activity are desirable. The design of stimulating microelectrodes for specific applications requires knowledge on how tip geometry affects function, but several fundamen...