Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR4 recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activates the inflammatory cells. The function of TLR4 in atherosclerosis has been investigated in mouse knockout studies and epidemiological studies of human TLR4 polymorphisms. These studies have shown that TLR4 function affects the ini...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate recognition molecules for microbial products, but their direct interactions with corresponding ligands remain unclarified. LPS, a membrane constituent of gram-negative bacteria, is the best-studied TLR ligand and is recognized by TLR4 and MD-2, a molecule associated with the extracellular domain of TLR4. Although TLR4-MD-2 recognizes LPS, little is known ab...

Cardiac surgery with global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induces a myocardial inflammatory response that impairs cardiac recovery. Chemokines contribute to the overall myocardial inflammatory response through inducing leukocyte infiltration. Although Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has an important role in postischemic myocardial injury, the relative roles of myocardial tissue and leukocyt...

The development of vaccine adjuvants is interest for the management chronic diseases, cancer, and future pandemics. Therefore, role Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in effects has been investigated. TLR4 ligand-based are most frequently used human vaccines. Among TLR family members, unique dual signaling capabilities due to recruitment two adapter proteins, myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) i...

The involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in immunity against human herpesviruses has not been previously demonstrated. We show that infection of endothelial cells with Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), a human oncogenic virus, leads to rapid suppression of TLR4 expression. This is a mechanism of immune escape as TLR4 mediates innate immunity against KSHV. In vitro, cells lacking TLR4 are...

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal toxic that can cause health problems including lung injury. This study was set out to meet the growing demand for effective treatment of diseases and explore mechanism caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, natural phenolic acid) protect against Cd-caused damage. In this study, CAPE significantly increased mice body weight, decreased W/D ratio, alleviated histomorphol...

The pathogenic networks of immune, vascular, and fibrotic processes underlying non-resolving fibrosis in SSc remain poorly understood. Our previous studies demonstrated that while TLR4 its cognate damage-associated endogenous ligands (DAMPs) elicited potent profibrotic effects myofibroblasts activation, genetic targeting or DAMPs mice accelerated resolution. To prevent aberrant DAMP-TLR4 signal...

Palmitic acid (PA) and other saturated fatty acids are known to stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in human immune cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, the molecular mechanism responsible for fatty acid stimulation of TLR4 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PA functions as a ligand for TLR4 on human monocyte derived dendritic cells (MoDCs). Hydrophobicity protein modeling i...

The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling on cardiac myocytes versus immune cells in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac myocytes isolated from LPS-treated C57Bl/6 mice showed reduced shortening and calcium transients as compared with myocytes from untreated mice. In addition, LPS-treated C57Bl/6 mice showed impair...