Traditional machine learning methods of plant leaf disease detection lack successful performances due to poor feature representation and correlation. This paper presents a novel methodology for automatic using cascaded deep convolutional neural network (CDCNN) which focusses on increasing the correlation factors. It provides distinctive features that gives low intra-class variability higher int...

While most drug policy researches paid attention to the financial impact of expensive drugs, the market situation of low-priced drugs in a country was seldom analyzed. We used the nationally representative claims datasets to explore the status within the National Health Insurance (NHI) in Taiwan. In 2007, a total of 12,443 distinct drug items had been prescribed 853,250,147 times with total exp...

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop in Iraq. This horticultural attacked by several insect pest species. Among them, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are major threat of greenhouse tomatoes Basrah province southern The management these pests heavily based on applicati...

Internally feeding herbivorous insects such as leaf miners have developed the ability to manipulate the physiology of their host plants in a way to best meet their metabolic needs and compensate for variation in food nutritional composition. For instance, some leaf miners can induce green-islands on yellow leaves in autumn, which are characterized by photosynthetically active green patches in o...

Plant distributions are dynamic but the role of plant-insect interactions in controlling range dynamics is not well understood. Enemy release, for example could facilitate plant range expansion under climate change. We conducted a transplant experiment with the evergreen tree Ilex aquifolium L. in both the historical and the expanding range in Denmark to study possible effects of geographical p...

Our laboratory found that silverleaf whitefly (SLW; Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring) feeding alters host plant physiology and chemistry. The SLW induces a number of host plant defenses, including pathogenesis-related (PR) protein accumulation (e.g., chitinases, beta-1,3-glucanases, peroxidases, chitosanases, etc.). Induction of the PR proteins by SLW feeding occurs in various plant speci...

Very little is known about alterations in microclimate when an herbivore feeds on host plant. Modifications of leaf transmittance properties induced by feeding activity of the leaf miner Phyllonorycter blancardella F. were measured using a spectrometer. Their effects on the herbivore's body temperature and respiration rate have been determined under controlled conditions and varying radiation l...

Plant dcfcncr rcsponscs to pathogcn clicitation, plant ccll growth and dcvclopmcnt arc complex and highly integrated pmcesses. Intcraction betwecn host plant and pathogcn result in significant differences in defence gcnc cxprcssion. A mynad 01 defence-related gcncs arc induccd in many caws of inumpati blc interaction betwccn host plant and pathogcn. Tcchniqucs that monitor individual rcsponscs ...