BACKGROUND A model for measuring temporal summation (TS) by tonic noxious stimulation was recently proposed. However, methodological variations between studies make it difficult to reach a consensus regarding the way TS should be applied and calculated. The present study aimed to present a calculation method of TS magnitude produced by a tonic heat model in a large cohort of healthy subjects. ...

Case presentation: 17-year-old female patient, single child of non-consanguineous healthy parents. The pregnancy and delivery were uneventful. She presented a normal psychomotor development until 4 months age, when she started with epileptic seizures evolved central hypotonia, appendicular hypertonia, dystonia. After, autistic features, stereotypies, lack response to pain, self-harm did not dev...

Intraplantar formalin injection is widely used as an experimental model of tonic pain. We investigated the role of endogenous A-opioid receptor mechanisms in formalin-induced nocifensive behavior in mice. The flinching response induced by formalin (2%, 20 Al) was studied in mice with normal (wild type, n = 8) and absent (homozygous A-opioid receptor knockout, n = 8) A-opioid receptor levels. Th...

increases during the HS infusion. Corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR, p < 0.05). Fig. 2 Right insula time courses: CBF changes (relative to baseline) as a function of time in the right insula for the purely tonic stimulus (black) and the bolus stimulus (purple) (ref. 4). Smoothed and raw data shown. Acute vs. Tonic Muscular Pain: Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow as Imaged by Arterial Spin La...

OBJECTIVE A comparative analysis of the efficacy of baclosan in adjuvant therapy of muscular-tonic pain syndromes in the early postoperative period after microdiscectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and three patients (65 men and 38 women, mean age 42±5,0 years) were divided into two sex- and age-matched groups depending on the treatment. Patients of group 1 received baclosan in the comb...

so persistent as in the tubercular form), suddenness of onset, then convulsive seizures and tonic spasms, much intolerance of being examined or handled, even when coma is beginning. The most striking clinical symptom is tonic spasm of the nuchal mv scles, with retraction of head, which cannot be replaced without great pain. Later, when effusion becomes established, and there is coma and Kernig'...

Exercise is often used for pain rehabilitation but the link between physical activity level and pain sensitivity is still not fully understood. Pressure pain sensitivity to cuff algometry and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were evaluated in highly active men (n=22), normally active men (n=26), highly active women (n=27) and normally active women (n=23) based on the Godin Leisure-Time Exercis...

Naloxone has been reported to affect pain and locomotor activity differently depending on the dose. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effects of low and high (6 micrograms and 3 mg/kg, s.c.) doses of naloxone (Nx) on formalin-induced pain (tonic pain) and spontaneous motor activity and any correlation between them. The experiments were conducted on adult male Wistar ra...

Pain models in animals have shown low predictivity for analgesic efficacy in humans, and clinical studies are often very confounded, blurring the evaluation. Human experimental pain models may therefore help to evaluate mechanisms and effect of analgesics and bridge findings from basic studies to the clinic. The present review outlines the concept and limitations of human experimental pain mode...