UNLABELLED Today, we are questioning how top-down skills may interfere with performance on auditory processing tests. OBJECTIVE To investigate the existence of a possible association between memory, attention and language skills in auditory processing tests in "normal" development children. METHOD Twenty children (ages 7 to 9 years), without complaints related to verbal and/or written langu...

Introduction Being in a close relationship is essential to well being and health. The cognitive significance of closeness can be described as including the other in the self [1]. Overlapping between other and self can be represented as a change in resource allocation strategy, actor/observer perspective, and vicariously sharing other’s characteristics. Further, empathy is associated with the ab...

Abstract Attending to novelty is a critical element of human behavior and learning. Novel events can serve as task-irrelevant distracters or as potential sources of engagement by interesting or important aspects of one's environment. An optimally functioning brain should have the capacity to respond differentially to novel events depending on the circumstances in which they occur. In the presen...

Anatomical studies of the visual cortex have identified massive back-projecting pathways. Theoretical studies suggest how such pathways may play important roles in vision by mediating 'top-down' processing, in which information from a relatively high level is fed back to early visual stages.

INTRODUCTION Emotional stimulus is processed automatically in a bottom-up way or can be processed voluntarily in a top-down way. Imaging studies have indicated that bottom-up and top-down processing are mediated through different neural systems. However, temporal differentiation of top-down versus bottom-up processing of facial emotional expressions has remained to be clarified. The present stu...

In this issue of Neuron, Hamilton et al. (2013) stimulate identified inhibitory interneurons with optogenetics, revealing powerful control of the flow of sensory responses across cortical layers. During natural behavior, these influences may mediate the rapid adaptive abilities necessary for detection and perception of sensory signals in noisy environments.

A methodology for top-down design of digital signal processing systems is described. The top-down design process can be viewed as a model which outlines the key steps necessary for successfully mapping an algorithm to implementation. A design exercise is detailed to illustrate how the top-down design process is applied. The discrete wavelet transform is mapped from the algorithm to an architect...

XML is increasingly used not only for data exchange but also to represent arbitrary data sources as virtual XML repositories. In many application scenarios, fragments of such repositories are distributed over the Web. However, design and query processing models for distributed XML data have not yet been studied in detail. The goal of this paper is to study the design and management of distribut...

Classical theories assume that unconscious automatic processes are autonomous and independent of higher-level cognitive influences. In contrast, we propose that automatic processing depends on a specific configuration of the cognitive system by top-down control. In 2 experiments, we tested the influence of available attentional resources and previously activated task sets on masked semantic pri...

We present a fast and accurate non-invasive brain-machine interface (BMI) based on demodulating steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) in electroencephalography (EEG). Our study reports an SSVEP-BMI that, for the first time, decodes primarily based on top-down and not bottom-up visual information processing. The experimental setup presents a grid-shaped flickering line array that the pa...