Both the amplitude and latency of P300 vary with changes in stimulus parameters. Stimuli at intensities or pitch separations near threshold evoke a smaller and later P300. P300 is also affected by extraneous stimulus parameters in tasks where stimulus frequency separation is large and stimuli are well above intensity thresholds. For example, the presence of background white noise when tones are...

Local topography significantly affects spatial variations of climatic variables and soil water movement in complex terrain. Therefore, the distribution and productivity of ecosystems are closely linked to topography. Using a coupled terrestrial carbon and hydrological model (BEPS-TerrainLab model), the topographic effects on the net primary productivity (NPP) are analyzed through four modelling...

Understanding and optimizing cell-substrate interactions is critical to the rational design of implant materials and tissue engineering scaffolds, particularly for bone healing applications [1]. Successful bone fracture healing depends upon having an osteoactive environment. The surface topography and mechanical stiffness of bone graft materials should allow transplanted cells to retain their f...

Introduction Frequent assessment and monitoring of AIS patients is necessary to determine the progression of spinal deformity. Radiographs are used as the standard-of-care for evaluation, but have negative long-term effects. Surface topography is a safer option for assessment in these patients. The Formetric 4D (DIERS, International GmbH of Schlangenbad, Germany) provides fast and radiation-fre...

This paper is an extension of the single-phase cohesionless dry granular avalanche model over curved and twisted channels proposed by Pudasaini and Hutter (2003). It is a generalisation of the Savage and Hutter (1989, 1991) equations based on simple channel topography to a twophase fluid-solid mixture of debris material. Important terms emerging from the correct treatment of the kinematic and d...

Ecohydrology 2017;e1825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1825 Abstract Topography may mitigate drought effects on vegetation along a hillslope gradient through redistribution of soil moisture. We examined the interaction of topography, climate, soil moisture, and transpiration in a low‐elevation, mixed‐hardwood forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains. The effects of meteorological variation (w...

Anchorage-dependent cells growing over a substratum require stable adhesion areas on the surface for the next cellular activities. The adhesion is achieved by some contact points called focal adhesions. Because focal adhesions were distributed randomly, a trial to control the positions of focal adhesion with a specific order may cause interesting effects like as cytoskeleton rearrangement, whic...

Landscape pattern (land use and natural patchiness) and complex topography strongly influence regional variation in emissions of trace gases and pollutants, as well as atmospheric transport processes. This leads to small-scale variation in the amount of (biogenic) emission, atmospheric deposition and in local concentrations of atmospheric consitutents. This chapter addresses the most important ...

During recent decades large changes in vegetation biomass have been observed in arctic and alpine areas. While these temporal trends have been clearly linked to changing climatic conditions, the drivers of local spatial variation in biomass are still relatively poorly understood. Thus, we examine the effects of abiotic conditions (as measured by ten variables representing topography, soil prope...