The Honolulu Board of Water Supply (HBWS) selectively chlorinates half of its groundwater supply to provide drinking water that meets the Total Coliform Rule. The objective of this study was to determine whether the groundwater sources used by HBWS are vulnerable to contamination with fecal matter and would require routine disinfection. Larger volumes (1,000 mL) of samples from groundwater and ...

Humans and livestock are known contributors of faecal waste to surface water. However, little is known about natural fluctuations of faecal bacteria, especially where wildlife may contribute substantial amounts of waste. I tested the hypotheses that ecological factors, including seasonal animal impacts, rainfall and physiochemical water quality, influence the abundance of total coliform (TC) an...

A rapid and sensitive method is described for the detection of bacteria in water and various other natural substrates by the isolation of specific bacteriophage. By the addition of large numbers of the organism in question to the sample, the presence of virulent bacteriophage can be demonstrated in as little as 6 to 8 h. Fecal coliform, total coliform, and total coliphage counts were determined...

Resting cell assay and soil microcosms were set up to investigate the biodegradation capability and metabolic intermediate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by a rhizobial strain Sinorhizobium meliloti. Biodegradation was observed immediately after 2,4,4'-TCB was supplied as a sole source of carbon and energy in liquid cultures. After 6 days, the percent biodegradation of 2,4,4'-TCB was 77.4%...

BACKGROUND Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov) is a complex-life-cycle trematode affecting 10 million people in SEA (Southeast Asia). Human infection occurs when infected cyprinid fish are consumed raw or undercooked. Ov requires three hosts and presents two free-living parasitic stages. As a consequence Ov transmission and infection in intermediate and human hosts are strongly mediated by environmenta...

The waste treatment facilities and final effluents of 11 meat-packing plants in the Province of Alberta were investigated primarily to determine the numbers of indicator bacteria and the presence of Salmonella. This was done to discover the efficiency of the treatment systems presently in operation in reducing bacterial numbers and to establish the need for disinfection and for bacterial standa...

Recirculating aquaculture systems may require an internal disinfection process to control population growth of pathogens and heterotrophic bacteria. Ozonation and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are two technologies that have been used to treat relatively large aquaculture flows, including flows within freshwater systems that recirculate water. The objective of the present study was to evaluate th...

Objective: To evaluate the relation between transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) by BiliChek and total serum bilirubin (TSB) in the Chinese neonates compared with another transcutaneous Bilirubinometer (VanHou). Methods: TcB measurements were performed on the forehead by Bilichek and VanHou. Total serum bilirubin (TSB) was determined within 5 minutes after TcB measurement. The correlation and agreeme...

Low-strength saline wastewater may be generated by tourist facilities, industries and communities located in coastal areas. Sea salts, mostly chlorides, when present in wastewaters at high concentrations, can cause inhibition on biological treatment processes. In this study, a laboratory down-flow anaerobic fixed bed reactor (DFAFBR) was used for treating saline wastewater. This wastewater was ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of coliform and potentially pathogenic bacteria in remote backcountry alpine lakes and streams of national parks in the Sierra Nevada mountains. METHODS Water was sampled at 55 predetermined lakes and streams that would stratify the risk, based on sites used by backpackers, sites used by pack animals, and uncontaminated wild areas. Sites were distributed ...