There is concern about the increasing tobacco consumption in developing countries, especially in urban communities. Little information is available on the prevalence and determinants of smoking in black townships in South Africa. We therefore conducted a survey of the smoking practices in three such townships in Cape Town, in which 673 higher primary schoolchildren and 1320 adults were intervie...

This study aimed to assess the importance of quantitatively detecting Campylobacter spp. in environmental surface water. The prevalence and the quantity of Campylobacter spp., thermotolerant coliforms, and Escherichia coli in 2,471 samples collected weekly, over a 2-year period, from 13 rivers and 12 streams in the Eastern Townships, Québec, Canada, were determined. Overall, 1,071 (43%), 1,481 ...

Background: The term of suicide is too broad and too vague. The definition and risk for suicide-related behaviors, that including self-harm, threats, attempts and suicide, remain unclear. In addition, whether paternal or maternal bonding plays an important role in suicidal attempt and threat is unknown in Taiwan. Hence, this study aimed to find out the relationship between different parental bo...

Background: In the years since first democratic election in 1994, South Africa has experienced mass violent demonstrations townships, which include Duncan village massacre 1985. The phenomenon of service delivery protests become a norm Africa. Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) constitute key focus this study. Aim: aim study was to explore challenges that relate village. Setting: Thi...

During July 2000-January 2002, the Wisconsin Division of Public Health conducted a study in 19 rural townships. A high percentage of private drinking-water wells in these townships contained traces of arsenic. Residents were asked to collect well-water samples and complete a questionnaire regarding residential history, consumption of drinking-water, and family health. In total, 2,233 household ...

BACKGROUND The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major public health problems. Many studies have been performed to investigate the association between demographic and behavioral factors and HIV or HCV infection. However, some of the results of these studies have been in conflict. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The data of all entrants in the 11 national methad...

OBJECTIVES To explore the use of local civil registration data to assess the perinatal mortality in a typical rural county in a less developed province in China, 1999-2000. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. Pregnancies in a cohort of women followed from registration of pregnancy to outcome of infant seven days after birth. SETTING Routine family planning records in 20 rural townships in ea...

Currently, in the context of rural revitalization China, a large number villages are starting to develop tourism. However, different models tourism development poor mountainous areas have completely and inequitable impacts on local communities enterprises. In this paper, by comparing two townships Wulong District, Chongqing—Fairy mountain Town Zhao’s Town, we find that government-controlled mod...

BACKGROUND The HIV epidemic in Sub Saharan Africa has been traditionally assumed to be driven by high risk heterosexual and vertical transmission. However, there is an increasing body of data highlighting the disproportionate burden of HIV infection among MSM in the generalized HIV epidemics across of Southern Africa. In South Africa specifically, there has been an increase in attention focused...