about the bases of validity of “expert’s advise” existing of “tradition of learned” upen reference to “experts” has not been doubted and it has been accepted that this tradition has been confirmed with the legislator of islam. however, some of jurists have emphasized upen concluding “confidence” frome the experts advise. others have belived the expert’s advise as a kind of witness, so they thou...

among the traditions concerning the signs of wisdom, there is a tradition related from imam al-ṣādiq (a.s.) introducing the person wearing a long beard, the signet of his ring, and his nickname, as indications of his lack of wisdom. while examining the sanad and text of this tradition, the article seeks to find out the real source of this saying and the various possibilities about the source an...

Maternal immunological tolerance of the semiallogeneic fetus involves several overlapping mechanisms to balance maternal immunity and fetal development. Anti-paternal CD8 ؉ T cells are suppressed during pregnancy in some but not all mouse models. Since semen has been shown to mediate immune modulation, we tested whether exposure to paternal Ag during insemination activated or tolerized anti-pat...

1. introduction one of the features of oral poetry in aryan-indo-european tribes is the usage of epithets in their epic and religious works. after conducting research in oral poetry in yugoslavia and comparing results with literary features of iliad and odyssey, researchers concluded that these epithets along with the name of characters are based on formulas. homer had learned these formulas fr...

Our framework combines features of two distinguished traditions in economics: a public finance tradition and a more recent tradition of business cycle theory. The public finance tradition we follow stems from Ramsey (1927), who considers the problem of choosing an optimal tax structure when only distorting taxes are available. The business cycle tradition we follow stems from Kydland and Presco...