We consider pulse formation dynamics in an actively mode-locked laser. We show that an amplitudemodulated laser is subject to large transient growth and we demonstrate that at threshold the transient growth is precisely the Petermann excess noise factor for a laser governed by a nonnormal operator. We also demonstrate an exact reduction from the governing PDEs to a low-dimensional system of ODE...

We discuss mode-locking of low-gain solid-state lasers using a semiconductor saturable Bragg reflector structure. This recently developed low-loss mode-locking device consists of a single quantum well which acts as a saturable absorber incorporated into a high-reflectivity Bragg mirror. Highly stable mode-locking in solid-state lasers results from an ultrafast transient reflectivity in the devi...

Our objective was to determine the respective roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in the small, slowly decaying Ca2+ transients of failing human ventricular myocytes. Left ventricular myocytes were isolated from explanted hearts of patients with severe heart failure (n=18). Cytosolic Ca2+, contraction, and action potentials were measured by using indo-1, edge det...

Time-resolved Raman studies have shown that communication between the heme oxygen binding sites and the surrounding globin occurs through the iron-proximal histidine linkage. By comparing the frequency of the Fe-His stretching mode in equilibrium deoxy- and photoinduced transient deoxyhemoglobins, we have found that ligand binding induces protein structural changes that strengthen the Fe-His li...

Our objective was to determine the respective roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the Na/Ca exchanger in the small, slowly decaying Ca transients of failing human ventricular myocytes. Left ventricular myocytes were isolated from explanted hearts of patients with severe heart failure (n518). Cytosolic Ca, contraction, and action potentials were measured by using indo-1, edge detection,...

Turbine-generator shafts are often subjected to a complex transient torsional loading. Such transient torques may initiate and propagate a circumferential crack in the shafts. Mode III crack growth in turbo-generator shafts often results in a fracture surface morphology resembling a factory roof. The interaction of the mutual fracture surfaces results in a pressure and a frictional stress field...

Sliding mode (SM) and Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller are implemented for Buck converter in a continuous conduction mode. A closed-loop controller system is implemented and goes through the transient time response of buck converter. Sliding mode controller is worked as robust controller and can be used to reduce the Delay time and settling time of the system. In power drives c...

A digital control algorithm for a current-mode (CM) and a voltage-mode (VM) synchronous buck converter (SBC) is developed. In both cases, the design leads to a stable controller, even for a duty cycle larger than 50%. The desired output voltage and the transient response can be independently specified. Moreover, zero steady-state error in the output voltage can be obtained with the aid of addit...

Differential circuits are often described by their differential gain and common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). This approach, however, neglects the effect that the common mode signal has on the transient response and stability of the circuit. This work shows that the actual behavior of differential circuits in front of common mode voltages is completely described by the common-to-differential mod...

Solvent collisions can often mask initial disposition of energy to the products of solution-phase chemical reactions. Here, we show with transient infrared absorption spectra obtained with picosecond time resolution that the nascent HCN products of reaction of CN radicals with cyclohexane in chlorinated organic solvents exhibit preferential excitation of one quantum of the C-H stretching mode a...