BACKGROUND Shared injecting apparatus during drug use is the premier risk factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. AIMS To estimate the per-event probability of HCV infection during a sharing event, and the transmission probability of HCV from contaminated injecting apparatus. METHODS Estimates were obtained using a maximum likelihood method with estimated IDU and sharing events obt...

We consider a sequential two-party bargaining game with uncertain information transmission. When the first mover states her demand she does only know the probability with which the second mover will be informed about it. The informed second mover can either accept or reject the offer and payoffs are determined as in the ultimatum game. Otherwise the uninformed second mover states his own demand...

Caching in multi-cell networks faces a well-known dilemma, i.e., to cache same contents among multiple edge nodes to enable transmission cooperation/diversity for higher transmission efficiency, or to cache different contents to enable content diversity for higher cache hit rate. In this work, we introduce a partition-based caching to exploit the tradeoff between transmission diversity and cont...

Cell-to-cell viral transmission via virological synapses has been argued to reduce susceptibility of the virus population to anti-viral drugs through multiple infection of cells, contributing to low-level viral persistence during therapy. Using a mathematical framework, we examine the role of synaptic transmission in treatment susceptibility. A key factor is the relative probability of individu...

In this paper we propose a slotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) DFT (Delayed -First-Transmission) protocol with pulse signal transmission for integrated voice and data transmissions in wireless LAN (WLAN) communication systems. CSMA/CA protocol with pulse signal transmission enables a user having a packet ready to transmit initially some pulse signals with ra...

This paper checks the correctness of our novel algorithm for secure, reliable and flexible transmission of big data in two-hop wireless networks using cooperative jamming scheme of attacker location unknown through Markovian process. Big data has to transmit in two-hop from source-to-relay and relay-to-destination node by deploying security in physical layer. Based on our novel algorithm, the n...

In the literature, a number of fuzzy-based power control schemes have been proposed for systems with a single rate. However, emerging CDMA cellular systems are expected to include multimedia services. In such systems, different services have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as minimum transmission rates and tolerable delays. This paper introduces an adaptive fuzzy-based con...

BACKGROUND Transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) between spouses could be due to sexual contact, sharing needles, or other routes. There is uncertainty regarding the degree to which HCV is transmitted between spouses. METHODS Data from a 1997 cross-sectional serological survey of HCV in two communities in Egypt were used to estimate the risk of transmission between spouses by simultaneously...

Automobile automatic transmission is a complex system integrates machine, electricity, liquid, in terms of its fault diagnosis has the characteristics of uncertainty and high complex correlation, thus put forward the Bayesian network based on the theory of probability and theory of the fault tree for fault diagnosis methods of automobile automatic transmission, it has a certain value for applic...

We present a theoretical study of the spread of multiple strains of malaria according to within-host parasite dynamics. The disease transmission mechanism is modeled in two parts. Transmission from the host to a mosquito depends upon the host's parasite density and a transmission-to-vector probability function, while transmission from mosquitoes to new hosts depends upon a general transmission ...