Nowhere else in the United States are tribal connections and reliance on federal public lands as deep geographically broad-based what is now Alaska. The number of Tribes—229 federally recognized tribes—and scope land resource—nearly 223 million acres—are simply unparalleled. Across that massive landscape, subsistence uses they provide remain, have been since time immemorial, “essential to Nativ...

In this paper, we propose a hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) called TS-Tribes which combine Tribes, a PSO algorithm free of parameters and Tabu Search (TS) technique. The main idea behind this hybridization is to combine the high convergence rate of Tribes with a local search technique based on TS. In addition, we study the impact of the place where we apply local search on the performa...

This chapter presents two ways of improvement for TRIBES, a parameterfree Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. PSO requires the tuning of a set of parameters, and the performance of the algorithm is strongly linked to the values given to the parameter set. However, finding the optimal set of parameters is a very hard and time consuming problem. So, Clerc worked out TRIBES, a totally ada...

The integration of public health practices with federal health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) largely derives from three major factors: the sovereign nature of AI/AN tribes, the sociocultural characteristics exhibited by the tribes, and that AI/ANs are distinct populations residing in defined geographic areas. The earliest services consisted of smallpox vaccination to a f...

We employ a simple model to show that social selection can lead to prezygotic reproductive isolation. The evolution of social discrimination causes the congealing of phenotypically similar individuals into different, spatially distinct tribes. However, tribal formation is only obtained for certain types of social behavior: altruistic and selfish acts can produce tribes, whereas spiteful and mut...

In an effort to understand the unusual cytogenetic damage earlier encountered in the Yanomama Indians, plasma samples from 425 Amerindians representing 14 tribes have been tested for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the human JC polyoma virus and from 369 Amerinds from 13 tribes for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to the human BK polyoma virus. There is for both viruses highly s...