The trigeminal complex of lampreys, like that of anamniotic gnathostomes, consists of profundus and 'mandibulo 'mandibulomaxillary' branchesa, s. The pro-fundus branch possesses a distinct ganglion (supraorbital ganglion) separate from the ganglion (suboptical ganglion) of the 'mandibulomaxillary' brancheslL However, both ganglia send their processes into the medulla as a single trigeminal sens...

Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder characterized by chronic episodic attacks of moderate to severe primary headache involving activation of trigeminal neurons. Despite its prevalence, the pathogenesis of migraine is not clearly understood. The pulsating nature of the headache suggests the involvement of the cranial vasculature in headache pathogenesis. However, current hypotheses empha...

BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is increased in patients with headache, neuropathic pain, periodontal and temporomandibular disease. This study and others have utilized TNF receptor 1/2 (TNFR1/2) knockout (KO) animals to investigate the effect of TNFα dysregulation in generation and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain. The present study determined the impact of TNFα dysregulat...

To determine how trigeminal brainstem interneurons pattern different forms of rhythmical jaw movements, four types of motor patterns were induced by electrical stimulation within the cortical masticatory areas of rabbits. After these were recorded, animals were paralyzed and fictive motor output was recorded with an extracellular microelectrode in the trigeminal motor nucleus. A second electrod...

OBJECTIVE To locate the neuronal motor cells of the mylohyoid muscle and discuss their topographical organization. METHODS The present study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan between 2002 and 2003. The mylohyoid muscle in 15 albino rats was injected with 15 mliter of a retrogradely transported fluorescent materia...

BACKGROUND Wallenberg syndrome was first reported by Adolf Wallenberg as arising due to the obstruction of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), which caused an infarct in the lateral medulla oblongata (MO). METHOD This study was carried out on brain tissue from 2 patients with typical Wallenberg syndrome and 10 autopsy cases without central nervous system disturbances. RESULTS P...

Previous studies reported that a subpopulation of mouse and rat trigeminal neurons express water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1). In this study we make a comparative investigation of AQP1 localization in the human and mouse trigeminal systems. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that AQP1 was localized to the cytoplasm and cell membrane of some medium and small-sized trigemina...

Eyelid opening stretches mechanoreceptors in the supratarsal Müller muscle to activate the proprioceptive fiber supplied by the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. This proprioception induces reflex contractions of the slow-twitch fibers in the levator palpebrae superioris and frontalis muscles to sustain eyelid and eyebrow positions against gravity. The cell bodies of the trigeminal propriocepti...

Microelectrode recordings were taken from neurons of the mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve (mes. V) and from the fifth motor nucleus of decerebrate dogfish ( Scyliorhnusand ) in response: to electrical stimulation of the peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve; to electri­ cal excitation of the mes. V tract and in response to mechanical stimulation of the lower jaw. Responses were re...

Introduction: Appropriate thyroid hormone (TH) levels are essential during the critical period of brain development, which is associated with the growth of axons and dendrites and synapse formation. In rats, oral motor circuits begin to reach to their adult pattern around 3 weeks after birth, the period in which alteration from sucking to biting and chewing occurs (weaning time). Trigeminal ...