The programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint inhibitor which is expressed on the surface of immune effector cells. It is activated mainly by PD-L1 which can be expressed by all human cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway plays a subtle role in maintaining peripheral T-lymphocyte tolerance and regulating inflammation. In cancer, the expression of PD-L1 seems to be one of the major...

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): challenges and solutions via the immune cells TNBC is one of the most complicated types of breast cancer to treat. It is generally diagnosed based on the absence of three receptors: estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and is thus defined as a triple negative. TNBC is often more aggressive with lower survival rates...

Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is reported to be associated with a high risk of recurrence, poor overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) rates. This study evaluated the clincopathological features and survival of non-metastatic TNBC women in the capital of Iran compared with other areas of the world. Methods: In a retrospective study, 119 women with TNBC based ...

OBJECTIVE Despite the clinical similarities triple-negative and basal-like breast cancer are not synonymous. Indeed, not all basal-like cancers are negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 expression while triple-negative also encompasses other cancer types. P53 protein appears heterogeneously expressed in triple-negative breast cancers, suggesting that it may be associate...

BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer, characterized by a lack of hormone receptor and HER2 expression, is associated with a particularly poor prognosis. Focusing on potentially modifiable breast cancer risk factors, we examined the relationship between body size, physical activity, and triple-negative disease risk. METHODS Using data from 155,723 women enrolled in the Women's Health Initi...

introduction: breast neoplasia is the most common cancer among women in both developed and developing countries. over 1.15 million women in the world detecting with breast neoplasia each year and the mortality rate is 502,000 cases from this cancer. the purpose of this study was to describe how iranian women perform breast self-examination. materials and methods: in this cross-sectional study 4...

In the current study, we sought to examine the effects of curcumin in a specific type of breast cancer called triple negative breast cancer. These cancers lack expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors and do not over-express HER2. Current treatment for triple negative breast cancers is limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and upon relapse, there are not any therapies currently availa...

Background: A longer lifespan and changing lifestyle-related and reproductive risk factors have led to an increased incidence of breast cancer in Brazil. There have been few studies about associations of specific risk factors with molecular subtypes of the disease. The aim of the present study was to identify factors that modulate the risk of triple negative breast cancer. Materials and Methods...

Breast cancer has been redefined into three clinically relevant subclasses: (i) estrogen/progesterone receptor positive (ERþ/PRþ), (ii) HER2/ERRB2 positive, and (iii) those lacking expression of all three markers (triple negative or basal-like). While targeted therapies for ERþ/PRþ and HER2þ tumors have revolutionized patient treatment and increased lifespan, an urgent need exists for identifyi...