like other religions, there are various currents in imami shiite in the first centuries. this article, relying on discourse analysis and by concentrating on oppositions, attempts to identify the internal shiite currents in iraq and iran in the second and third centuries. according to historical evidences, the opposition between school of hisham ibn al-hakam and majority of shia, which was schoo...

there are references to aristotle’s view points about meteorology in ?asfizari’s treatise entitled athar-i ulwi that have not been existed in the arabic translation of aristotle’s meteorologica. ibn bitr?k, the arabic translator, did not translate some parts of the book and there are mistakes in his translation. asfizari has also mentioned some points which cannot be found in the original work ...

the menhaj al-bolagha and seraj al-odaba by hazem qartajeni is one of the most effective books on rhetoric and theory of arabic poetry. although he was grown up in an environment influenced by ibn rushd and is considered his indirect student, in this book (with a rhetoric and philosophical style) he is under the influence of ibn sina in founding and presenting the theory of arabic poetry. witho...

muhammad ibn hamed isfahani more popularly known as imad ad-din al-isfahani was a persian historian, scholar, and rhetorician. he left a valuable anthology of arabic poetry to accompany his many historical works. and worked as a man of letters during the zengid and ayyubid period. he was born in isfahan in the year 1125, and studied at the nizamiyya school in baghdad. he graduated into the bure...

leech therapy was popular for many centuries. while many research studies have supported the medical use of hirudo medicinalis, other species have not received that much attention. due to the large demand and lack of supply, more research is needed to justify the medical use of other species. ibn al quffprovided general guidelines on differentiating between the beneficial and toxic types of lee...

in this article, while bringing up the phrase ‘aqrab al-nās ilayha ‘alī b. abī ṭālib, we would touch upon the important controversy concerning the rest of the phrase and would examine the viewpoints of both the proponents and opponents; then, we would draw a conclusion of this debate and explain that various phrases have been quoted from ibn ‘arabī and it is most likely that this difference is ...