In the previous lecture, we showed that Shannon constructed a code, which was a one-to-one mapping, that took a stream of data X = (X1, ..., Xn) generated iid from a distribution P (X) over a finite alphabet A = (a1, ..., aA) of size A, and compressed it using ≈ nH(X) bits in total or ≈ H(X) bits per symbol, on average (for sufficiently large n). The code was based considering a special subset ...

Gallstone ileus with impaction of gallstone in distal duodenum is an extremely rare complication of cholecystolithiasis. Gallstone ileus in itself accounts for less than 1% of these complications with 800 cases described so far. However, there are less than 15 cases described with the impaction of gallstone in distal duodenum. We report a case of an 84-year-old male patient in whom gallstone im...

ABSTRACT: Mirizzi syndrome is a rarely observed complication of gallstone disease, causing major biliary problems, if not diagnosed previously. It was described in 1948 by P. L. Mirizzi and presents unusual lodged gallstone in either the cystic duct or most frequently in Hartmann pouch of the gallbladder. Impaction, acute obstruction and wall ischemia are causative for inflammation and abscess ...

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Gallstones are being increasingly diagnosed in pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to determine characteristics of pediatric patients who underwent cholecystectomy because of symptomatic gallstone disease unrelated to hemolytic disorder. METHODS We reviewed cases of pediatric patients (under 18 years old) who underwent cholecystectomy between May 2005 and Decemb...

Aim It was aimed to assess the association of four polymorphisms and relative haplotypes in the ATP binding cassettes and cholecystokinin A receptor (rs6720173, rs11887534, rs4148217, rs1800857) with the risk of gallstone. Background Gallstone is a multifactorial disease. Besides high penetrance genes, low or moderate penetrance polymorphisms may increase susceptibility to gallstone. Method...

Hepatic cholesterol metabolism was examined in 27 Swedish patients with cholesterol gallstone disease and in 13 patients free of gallstones operated for roentgenographically suspect polyps in the gallbladder. All 40 patients underwent cholecystectomy, and a liver biopsy and gallbladder bile were obtained at surgery. The cholesterol saturation of gallbladder bile was significantly higher in pati...

The precise association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and gallstone disease remains unclear in China. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between MetS and gallstone and evaluate whether counts of metabolic abnormalities had influence on gallstone disease. We fitted gender-specific generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression models with data from a large-scale longitudinal stud...

BACKGROUND Common bile duct stone (CBDS) as a result of gallstone is one of the gastrointestinal disorders. In this study, the incidence of CBDS and symptomatic gallstone in Shiraz were investigated, and their management suggested. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a retrospective study that enrolled among 560 patients. The incidence of gallstone together with CBDS was evaluated using an ultrason...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Cholesterol gallstone formation is believed to be unrelated to the presence of bacteria because attempts to culture potentially causative bacteria from surgically removed cholesterol stones have failed. However, the formation of gallbladder gallstones takes years. Embedded bacteria may be damaged or killed. The aim of this study was to search for bacterial DNA sequences in chole...

The precipitation of excess biliary cholesterol as solid crystals is a prerequisite for cholesterol gallstone formation, which occurs due to disturbed biliary homeostasis. Biliary homeostasis is regulated by an elaborate network of genes in hepatocytes. If unmanaged, the cholesterol crystals will aggregate, fuse and form gallstones. We have previously observed that the levels of osteopontin (OP...