Determining which underlying traits contribute to differences in whole-animal performance can be difficult when many traits differ between individuals with high and low capacities. We have previously found that migratory (anadromous marine) and non-migratory (stream-resident) threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations have genetically based differences in prolonged swimming per...

1. Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to describe a numerical method of an inverse problem for two– dimensional flow of fluid around a profile. The principle of the method is based on construction of a contractive operator. The practical use is getting the possibility of constructing or modifying the shape of a profile by the velocity distribution on the profile surface. We formulate an...

We examine shape optimization problems in the context of inexact sequential quadratic programming. Inexactness is a consequence of using adaptive finite element methods (AFEM) to approximate the state equation, update the boundary, and compute the geometric functional. We present a novel algorithm that uses a dynamic tolerance and equidistributes the errors due to shape optimization and discret...

By analyzing the potential energy surface, the shape phase diagram and the energy spectrum of the nucleus in U(5) symmetry in the IBM, we propose that the U(5) symmetry with parameters (A+B) < 0 may be a model to describe the rotation driven vibrational to axially rotational phase transition along the yrast line. With such a model, we have described successfully the observed rotation driven sha...

Using detailed stockholding for a comprehensive sample of Chinese mutual funds from 2004 to 2009, we investigate the economy of scale and liquidity on the relation between fund size and performance. We find that there exists an inverted U-shape relation between fund size and performance accounting for various performance benchmarks. Both economy of scale and liquidity exist and play an importan...

This paper proposes and describes a design of an integrated refractive index sensor for (bio-) chemical sensing applications based on a U-shape bend waveguide structure. The proposed structure is formed by connecting four-bend waveguides and optimized using beam propagation method so that the output power has a function of refractive index of measurand liquid. The results show that the designed...

In this paper we use the method of upper and lower solutions combined with degree theoretic techniques to prove the existence of multiple positive solutions to semipositone superlinear systems of the form −∆u = g1(x, u, v) −∆v = g2(x, u, v) on a smooth, bounded domain Ω ⊂ R with Dirichlet boundary conditions, under suitable conditions on g1 and g2. Our techniques apply generally to subcritical,...

Let U, V, W be independent random variables having a standard gamma distribution with respective shape parameters a, b, c, and define X = U/(U + W), Y = V/(V + W). Clearly, X and Y are correlated each having a beta distribution, X ∼ B(a, c) and Y ∼ B(b, c). In this article we derive probability density functions of XY, X/Y and X/(X + Y).

The relationship between inflation and relative price variability (RPV) is widely believed to be positive and stable. Using disaggregated CPI data for the U.S. and Japan, however, this study finds that the relationship is neither linear nor stable over time. The overall relationship is approximately U-shaped and symmetric around a certain threshold: a positive correlation on one side but a trad...