Ultrasonic distance measurement using the pulse-echo method is based on the determination of the time of flight of ultrasonic waves. The pulse-compression technique, in which the cross-correlation function of a detected ultrasonic wave and a transmitted ultrasonic wave is obtained, is the conventional method used for improving the resolution of distance measurement. However, the calculation of ...

Methods of measuring ultrasonic wave velocity in an elastic sample require data on the thickness of the sample and/or the distances between the transducers and the sample. The uncertainty of the ultrasonic wave velocity measurements generally depends on that of the data available. Conversely, to determine the thickness of a material, it is necessary to have a priori information about the wave v...

Interaction of concrete with the persistent prevailing environmental condition will alter its material properties and cause deterioration. There are various causes distress in structure, such as improper construction practices, post-construction expansion due to Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR), corrosion reinforcement, non-homogeneity concrete, development cracks shrinkage thermal stresses, agi...