This paper reviews the physical fundamentals and engineering implementations for efficient information exchange via wireless communication using physical waves as the carrier among nodes in an underwater sensor network. The physical waves under discussion include sound, radio, and light. We first present the fundamental physics of different waves; then we discuss and compare the pros and cons f...

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are often used for environmental and industrial sensing in undersea/ocean space, therefore, these networks are also named underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Underwater sensor networks are different from other sensor networks due to the acoustic channel used in their physical layer, thus we should discuss about the specific features of these ...

This paper reviews the physical fundamentals and engineering implementations for efficient information exchange via wireless communication using physical waves as the carrier among nodes in an underwater sensor network. The physical waves under discussion include sound, radio, and light. We first present the fundamental physics of different waves; then we discuss and compare the pros and cons f...

Providing scalable and efficient routing services in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is very challenging due to the unique characteristics of UWSNs. Firstly, UWSNs often employ acoustic channels for communications because radio signals do not work well in water. Compared with radio-frequency channels, acoustic channels feature much lower bandwidths and several orders of magnitudes longer pro...

Nowadays, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are known as a powerful technique for aquatic applications. UWNS has long propagation delay, limited bandwidth and higher error rates in comparison with ground based networks. Moreover, a terrestrial wireless communication uses radio waves, but underwater communication relies on acoustic waves. Similar to other wireless sensor networks, desi...

In this paper, we investigate the reliable data transport problem in underwater sensor networks. Underwater sensor networks are significantly different from terrestrial sensor networks in two aspects: acoustic channels are used for communication and most sensor nodes are mobile due to water current. These distinctions feature underwater sensor networks with low available bandwidth, large propag...

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have widely deployed in marine investigation and ocean exploration in recent years. As the fundamental information, their position information is not only for data validity but also for many real-world applications. Therefore, it is critical for the AUV to have the underwater localization capability. This report is mainly devoted to outline the recent advan...

In an energy-constrained underwater system environment it is very important to find ways to improve the life expectancy of the sensors. Compared to the sensors of a terrestrial Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), underwater sensors cannot use solar energy to recharge the batteries, and it is difficult to replace the batteries in the sensors. This paper reviews the research progress made to da...

Sensor networks in underwater environments face unique adverse conditions. In order to be functional, specialized routing protocols are required to route the data from source to destination. This paper surveys routing protocols for underwater sensor networks. The routing protocols are examined and compared with respect to the network conditions and quality measures such as packet delivery ratio...

We transform the 3D underwater positioning problem into its 2D counterpart via a projection technique that employs depth information available to underwater sensors. After showing that a non-degenerative projection preserves network localizability, we present a purely distributed localization scheme termed USP for underwater acoustic sensor networks. In USP, reference nodes are projected to the...