Article history: Received 27 May 2008 Accepted 16 February 2009 Available online 26 February 2009

During the last decades, aquaculture has been the world’s fastest growing food production technology. This is primarily due to the fact that control with the production process has allowed innovations thorough the supply chain, leading to increased demand and thereby increased production. We investigate this process for three leading species; salmon, sea bass and shrimp. The process has been ve...

E studying innovation and technological change have made significant progress toward understanding firms’ profit incentives as drivers of innovation. However, innovative performance in firms should also depend heavily on the pecuniary and nonpecuniary motives of the employees actually working in research and development. Using data on more than 1,700 Ph.D. scientists and engineers, we examine t...

relief wells are used extensively to relieve excess hydrostatic pressure in pervious foundation strata overlain by impervious top strata, conditions which often exist landward of levees and downstream of dams and hydraulic structures. placing well outlets in below-surface trenches or collector pipes helps dry up seepage areas downstream of levees and dams. relief wells are often used in combina...

This paper investigates the determinants of vertical integration and confronts some of the predictions of the leading approach to the internal organization of the firm with data from the UK manufacturing sector. Consistent with the theory, it shows that an upsteam and downstream activity pair are more likely to be vertically integrated, when the downstream (the producer) is more technology inte...

We examine multilateral bargaining in vertical supply relationships which involve an upstream manufacturer who sells through two competing retailers to end consumers. In these relationships the negotiations are inter-dependent and a bargaining externality may arise across the retailers. In addition, the timing by which the manufacturer negotiates with the retailers becomes important. The manufa...

We develop a two-sided market model with an upstream–downstream structure. More specifically, the platform consists of two rival upstream firms and a downstream monopolist. Each upstream firm negotiates the input price (license fee) with the downstream monopolist and also chooses the amount of advertising that is embedded in the good it sells to the downstream monopolist. The downstream monopol...

When a downstream producer enters backward into the input market, a “helping the rivals” effect exists: such entry hurts the firm’s downstream business as it increases upstream competition and thus reduces the input price for rival downstream firms. This negative externality prevents the newly-created upstream unit from expanding. A spin-off enables the firm to credibly expand in the input mark...

Most of the issues regarding desertification are always related to soil fertility and water quality [1,2]. Hence United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seriously globalized the issues of desertification in 1992. The developed and developing including hilly mountainous countries are the conference of the parties and so as Nepal [3]. The catchments in hill and Himalayan reg...