The development of machine learning in particular and artificial intelligent in general has been strongly conditioned by the lack of an appropriated framework to specify and integrate learning processes, data transformation processes and data models. In this work we extend traditional algebraic specification methods to this type of framework. Limits and colimits of diagrams are universal constr...

this paper is concerned with the analysis of the spoken language of teenagers, taken from a newly developed specialised corpus the british and taiwanese teenage intercultural communication corpus (batticc). more specifically, the study employs a discourse analytical approach to examine vague language in an intercultural context among a group of british and taiwanese adolescents, paying particul...

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the spoken language of teenagers, taken from a newly developed specialised corpus the British and Taiwanese Teenage Intercultural Communication Corpus (BATTICC). More specifically, the study employs a discourse analytical approach to examine vague language in an intercultural context among a group of British and Taiwanese adolescents, paying particul...

The goal of this paper is to develop a theory of content for vague language. My proposal is based on the following three theses: (1) language-mastery is not rulebased—it involves a certain kind of decision-making; (2) a theory of content is to be thought of instrumentally—it is a tool for making sense of our linguistic practice; and (3) linguistic contents are only locally defined—they are only...

Current optimization algorithms are designed for problems in which explicit fitness functions are provided. They can not be directly applied to problems where fitness functions do not exist, such as a situation where a user can interact with the computer by providing vague feedbacks instead of specific fitness. This paper proposes a population-based algorithm to solve such an optimization probl...

Patients with cracked-tooth syndrome often present with a chief complaint of vague pains while eating that they cannot localize, making the diagnosis difficult. Frequently practitioners are unable to discover the cause of their symptoms, so treatment is delayed, which can result in apical propagation of the crack, leading to unrestorable vertical root fracture. Transillumination is a valuable a...