Vdd Vdd Vdd A floating-gate pseudo-differential transconductor is presented, in which the differential input signal is allowed to have a dc offset. Normally such an offset would render a normal CMOS differential pair useless. The circuit "VX v y " inherently removes any dc offset from the floating gates lout(-) lO"I(+) by feedback mechanisms involving Fowler-Nordheim electron tunneling and hot-...

The dual supply voltage (dual-VDD) scheme reduces the active power consumption without performance degradation by using two power supply rails. However, an increase in the delay due to the scaled-down supply voltage has made assigning the lower supply voltage (VDDL) more difficult in the conventional dual-VDD scheme. We propose a technique for the dual-VDD scheme employing the Active Body-biasi...

We describe circuit techniques for a Flash memory which operates with a VDD of 1.5 V. For the interface between the peripheral circuits and the memory core circuits, two types of level shifter circuits are proposed which convert a VDD level signal into the high voltage signals needed for high performance. In order to improve the read performance at a low VDD , a new self-bias bitline voltage se...

Second Harmonic Class-E PA Design The selected active device for the transmission-line class-E2 PA is the SD57030 transistor provided by STMicroelectronics. It has a maximum drain voltage of 65 V. In an ideal class-E PA in the optimum operating mode with 50% duty cycle and a slope of zero [5], the peak drain voltage is vDmax =3.56 VDD. Since the peak varies with load impedance, a design for vDm...

Background There appears to be a lack of consensus whether preoperative vitamin D deficiency (VDD) increases the risk of postoperative hypocalcemia and decreases the accuracy of postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) in predicting hypocalcemia in thyroid cancer patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (TT) plus central compartment neck dissection (CCND). This study aims to address these issues....

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that there is a major genetic determinant of vertical disc diameter (VDD) and vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) in a large, population-based sample. METHODS Data were collected from 3654 individuals, 49 years of age or older, participating in the Blue Mountains Eye Study. VDD and VCDR were determined from stereo optic disc photographs. Commingling analyses in SK...

AIM To determine whether there is an increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma associated with vitamin D deficiency (VDd). METHODS A retrospective case control study was performed of all patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma between 2005 and 2015. After we excluded the patients without a documented vitamin D level, 49 patients were included in our study. RESULTS The average age of p...

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent among HIV-infected individuals. Vitamin D has been associated with renal and cardiovascular diseases because of its effects on oxidative stress, lipid metabolism and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a widely used component of antiretroviral regimens for HIV treatment, can induce renal injury. The aim of thi...

In order to explore the feasibility of large-scale subthreshold logic circuits and to clarify the lower limit of supply voltage (VDD) for logic circuits, the dependence of the minimum operating voltage (VDD min) of CMOS logic gates on the number of stages, gate types and gate width is systematically measured with 90 nm CMOS ring oscillators (RO’s). The measured average VDD min of inverter RO’s ...

OBJECTIVE To determine how short and long term complication rates after pacemaker implantation are influenced by patient morbidity, operator experience, and choice of pacing system. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of 1884 patients who received VVI (n = 610), VDD (n = 371), or DDD devices (n = 903) between 1990 and 2001. Follow up period was 64 (34) months. The influence of age, sex, coronary ar...