RET, a tyrosine kinase receptor essential for kidney development, has recently been shown to be important for the formation of the urinary tract. When RET is overexpressed in the HoxB7/Ret transgenic mouse, kidneys are small and cystic, and in some of the mice, the ureters are grossly dilated. Here, we report that the observed ureteral dilatation is associated with the urinary tract abnormality...

Alterations in histomorphological features of the pelvic ureter such as muscle fiber orientation have been implicated in the etiology of vesicoureteric reflux. Consequently, anatomical sex differences in the histomorphology of the pelvic ureter may explain the female predisposition to this disease. Reports of these differences are, however, scarce. Twelve adult pelvic ureters (6 male and 6 fema...

A 6 year old boy developed hyperammonaemic encephalopathy following a subureteric injection for treatment of vesicoureteric reflux. The hyperammonaemia may be explained by a postoperative urinary tract infection with a urea splitting organism, leading to raised urine ammonia that was absorbed easily across a dilated urinary tract. Agitation and alteration in consciousness level following a urol...

OBJECTIVE To study prospectively the influence of videourodynamic studies on the management of children with vesicoureteric reflux. METHODS One hundred one children with reflux were investigated routinely with videourodynamic studies, as well as renal scans, ultrasound studies, and/or intravenous urograms. The studies were repeated at one, three, and five years. If bladder instability was dem...

those with radiological pyelonephritis) and those without reflux. Our relatively small numbers and high variability make analysis difficult, but the indications are that the osmolality rises throughout the day in the controls and 'no-reflux' group, but not in those children with reflux (Fig. 1). The mean maximum osmolality of the controls was 1070 ± 93 mOsm per kg (± 1 SD), in those children wi...