This paper is an pedagogical essay on the scenario of the instabilities and the transition to turbulence in visco-elastic polymer flows. When polymers are long, they get easily stretched by the shear present in flows, and the viscosity of the solution or melt is large. As a result, inertial effects are usually negligible as the Reynolds numbers are small but the fluid is strongly nonNewtonian d...

In this paper we assume determination of pseudo-viscosity coefficients of visco-elastic non-Newtonian fluid flow directly near the cooperating micro-bearing surface. We show the constitutive stress-strain dependencies of nonNewtonian visco-elastic media with regard to the content of addition of nano-particles. The greater content of nano-particles and influences of superficial layer of cooperat...

In three previous papers5,6,7),functional properties of spindle,leaf-like and tendon receptors in the frog sartorius muscle have been compared with each other during contractions or passive stretch of the muscle.It has been demonstrated that those properties were not only dependent upon the excitability of their sensory nerve endings,but also largely upon the visco-elastic properties of the und...

Commonly used polymer-based scaffolds often lack visco-elastic properties to serve as a replacement for cartilage tissue. This study explores the effect of reinforcement of silk matrix with chitosan microparticles to create a visco-elastic matrix that could support the redifferentiation of expanded chondrocytes. Goat chondrocytes produced collagen type II and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-enriched ma...