A particularly contentious environmental issue between nations, and between regions within nations, is the policy attitude toward the disposal of waste, such as in landfills, and other potentially harmful industrial by-products like spent nuclear fuel. An international and interregional policy issue arises because many of these unwanted products are themselves tradeable commodities. For example...

Decolourisation of waste water has now become a major problem for the treatment plants in various industries. Many industries use synthetic dyes to colour their products such as textiles, rubber, paper, plastics, leather, cosmetic, food etc. Nearly 10-15% of synthetic textile dyes, used yearly are lost to waste streams and about 20% of these losses enter the environment through effluent from wa...

Metals contained in the waste transfer to the waste incineration products, including flue gas, fly ash, and bottom ash, as different oxide, nitride, carbides, and other phases. Most of the metal-based phases formed in incineration are toxic and their emissions need to be strictly controlled. Therefore, behavior of metal species during incineration must be well understood. Such understanding is ...

This article examines the EU Waste Directive and the implications of recent European case law for its implementation at national level. In particular, we consider how the directive has been implemented in the United Kingdom and the potential effects this may have on the use of forestry by-products as a bio-energy source. The analysis reveals that it is still unclear whether bio-energy materials...

Composting is a natural biological process which results in the degradation of organic waste to a stable end product, commonly referred to as compost, which can be utilized for various agricultural purposes. Increasing landfill costs and regulations which limit many types of waste accepted at landfills has increased interest in composting as a component of waste management (Goldstein and Spence...

By-products and waste materials are potentially valuable inputs into a variety of industrial processes. Markets are being aimed at capitalizing on the use and reuse of these materials as inputs. The literature on reverse logistics analysis mostly concentrates on the end-of-life products recovery systems and mainly does not address the recovery process for waste/by-products streams in an exchang...

Environmental problems are recognized as one of the most serious issues in these last few decades. Green supply chain management and sustainable supply chain management have gained increasing attention within both academia and industry. Previous studies proposed a closed-loop supply chain model and a negotiation protocol for increasing the amount of reused products and reducing waste products. ...