This article describes a new model for urban planning in ancient and preindustrial cities that moves beyond the traditional simplistic dichotomy of planned versus organic cities. The model has two components: coordination of buildings and spaces, and standardization among cities. A variety of coordinated arrangements of buildings reflect urban planning, including simple coordination, formality ...

Several hydrological studies forecast a global problem of water scarcity. This raises the question as to whether increasing water scarcity may impose constraints on the growth of countries. The influence of water utilisation on economic growth is depicted through a growth model that includes this congestible nonexcludable good as a productive input for private producers. Growth is negatively af...

We present a novel exploratory method combining line of sight visibility (viewshed analysis) and techniques from social network analysis to investigate archaeological data. At increasing distances different nodes are connected creating a set of networks, which are subsequently described using centrality measures and clustering coefficients. Networks with significant properties are examined in m...

A visual analysis is useful to assess potential impacts our surroundings. There has been tremendous progress toward the optimization, accuracy, and techniques of these analyses. Viewshed analyses are a common type analysis. The purpose this study was identify optimal trade-off between number viewpoints needed generate an accurate viewshed for given route. In study, we focused on identifying how...

BACKGROUND The influence of visual exposure to health-related behaviours, such as smoking, is increasingly acknowledged in the public health literature. Social contagion or normalisation is thought to operate through the visibility of those behaviours. There has been a lack of systematic and comprehensive approaches to quantifying visual exposure to these behaviours over a relatively large geog...

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules undergo facile ionization in cryogenic water-ices resulting in near quantitative conversions of neutral molecules to the corresponding singly charged radical cations. Here we report, for the first time, the production and stabilization of a doubly ionized, closed shell PAH in water-ice. The large PAH quaterrylene (QTR, C40H20) is readily photoioni...

conclusions polypharmacy as an independent variable has been linked to falls in older people, however there appears to be a stronger link between falls and the type of medications taken (e.g. medications known to increase risk of falls), rather than polypharmacy on its own. polypharmacy can sometimes be therapeutic and it may be more beneficial to consider terms such as ‘inappropriate prescribi...