Leaves are lateral determinate structures formed in a predictable sequence (phyllotaxy) on the flanks of an indeterminate shoot apical meristem. The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants has been widely debated. Being the main conspicuous organ of nearly all vascular plants and often easy to recognize as such, it seems surprising that leaves have had multiple origins. For decades, m...

Five Aphelenchoides besseyi isolates collected from bird's-nest ferns or rice possess different parasitic capacities in bird's-nest fern. Two different glycoside hydrolase (GH) 45 genes were identified in the fern isolates, and only one was found in the rice isolates. A Abe GH5-1 gene containing an SCP-like family domain was found only in the fern isolates. Abe GH5-1 gene has five introns sugge...

We describe a water fern spore assemblage from the Maastrichtian La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina. The includes three species of Azolla (A. andreisii sp. nov., A. coloniensis, and 1), two Azollopsis intermedia tomentosa), Crybelosporites pannuceus, Gabonisporis cristata, Ghoshispora sp., Grapnelispora loncochensis, Molaspora (M. lobata M. reticulata), Paleoazolla pata...

The feedback error-related negativity (fERN) is a component of the human event-related brain potential (ERP) elicited by feedback stimuli. A recent theory holds that the fERN indexes a reward prediction error signal associated with the adaptive modification of behavior. Here we present behavioral and ERP data recorded from participants engaged in a modified time estimation task. As predicted by...

background and objectives: the main aims of this study have been finding out the antibacterial activity and preliminary phytochemical screening of some fern species. methods: the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of polypodium interjectum shivas, polystichum woronowii fomin, polystichum aculeatum (l.) roth., dryopteris affinis (lowe) fraser-jenk, athyrium filix-femina (l.) roth, a...

Cheilanthes grisea Blanford, a rare fern of Kumaun hills, is a member of psinopteridaceae family of leptosporangiate group of ferns. Aq. methanolic extract (50%) of this fern was screened for antifungal activity by thin layer autobiochromatographic methods. Chemical investigation of the fern fronds of C. grisea Blanford revealed the presence of a flavonol glycoside, quercetin-3-O-β-glycosyl (1→...

The effect of ultraviolet-B (280 to 320 nm) irradiation on physiological activities of Anabaena flos-aquae and the water fern Azolla caroliniana has been studied under conditions where lethal effects of irradiation are absent. Nitrogenase activity, measured as acetylene reduction, specifically declined during irradiation with low levels of ultraviolet-B, whereas other physiological activities w...

background: premature rupture of membranes (prom) is a common obstetric issue during pregnancy which might lead to serious fetal or maternal problems. therefore, an appropriate diagnosis and management of prom are of significant importance in patients. objective: the aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of placental alpha microglobuline-1 (pamg-1) test in prom diagnosis and compare t...