Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) can enhance drug penetration into the skin, yet the mechanism of the improved transport is not known in full. To unravel the influence of the drug-particle interaction on penetration enhancement, 3 glucocorticoids (GCs), prednisolone (PD), the diester prednicarbate (PC) and the monoester betamethasone 17-valerate (BMV), varying in structure and lipophilicity, we...

Changes in the skin that occur in the elderly may put them at increased risk for altered percutaneous penetration from pharmacotherapy along with potential adverse effects. Skin factors that may have a role in age-related percutaneous penetration include blood flow, pH, skin thickness, hair and pore density, and the content and structure of proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), water, and lipids...

We present a novel geometric data structure for collision detection at haptic rates between arbitrary rigid objects. Our data structure, which we call inner sphere trees, efficiently supports both proximity queries and the penetration volume. The latter is related to the water displacement of the overlapping region and, thus, corresponds to a physically motivated force. Moreover, we present a t...

Glottal closure during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing is one of the important steps in protecting the airway. Generally, it is believed that any deficiency in this process can lead to laryngeal penetration and aspiration. This study investigated the incidence of laryngeal penetration and aspiration among 44 patients with glottal closure insufficiencies that were referred for voice and swall...

Under-water and unidirectional air penetration, viz. air "diode", was effectively achieved on the basis of a composite mesh with Janus wettability. In the aqueous solution, the air bubbles can only pass through the mesh from the hydrophilic side to the superhydrophobic side, whereas they will be blocked from the opposite direction.

The effect of pressure, stand-off distance and time on the penetration of sandstones by a 0.84 mm. jet of water was investigated. Pressures ranged up to 9000 lb/in 2 (62 MN/M), stand-off distances to 2 in. (5.08 cm) and time from 0.5 to 30 sec. The effect of using a friction reducing agent was determined. The advantages of allowing the spent jet to escape and not interfere with penetration are ...