In the International trade of the commodities, the rate of customs duties and other local duties are determined on the basis of World Customs Organization (WCO) approved HS classification that is followed in most of the countries. Since the classification is based on a number of rules that are subjected to different interpretation, disputes may arise between the customs department and the impor...

Recently, the application of lipase enzyme as biocatalyst in conversion waste cooking oil (WCO) to free fatty acids and glycerol has been trending well. Therefore, present study attempts use WCO which is found abundance Malaysia substrate for halal microbial can be exploited food industry. The workability conversion, however suffers severely due potential denaturation extended reaction time. Th...

An investigation was carried out to study the feasibility of using synthesized acid-bearing carbonaceous catalyst (SO 3 H–C and PO 4 H 2 –C) derived from cassava peel for biodiesel production waste cooking oil (WCO). The activity tested an autoclave type reactor three different alcohol ratios (1 : 3, 1 5 7) at four temperatures (50–80 °C) h. Two types (i.e. methanol (CH OH) ethanol C were used ...

Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used for inline monitoring the enzymatic production of third-generation biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) —with fatty acid profile similar to olive oil— under principles Continued Process Verification (CPV) and Analytical Technology (PAT). For this purpose, covalently immobilized mature Rhizopus oryzae lipase (rROL) transesterify WCO with methanol ethan...

Local carbonate mineral, Malaysian dolomite has the potential as a deoxygenation catalyst due to its high capacity of CaO–MgO which enhances oxygen compound removal and produces high-quality green fuel with desirable lighter hydrocarbon. In this work, performance Ni-doped-calcined (Ni/CMD900) different synthesis techniques (precipitation, impregnation, co-precipitation) were compared on waste c...

The present contribution investigates the biocatalytic performance of lipase obtained from latex native plant known as Araujia sericifera (ASL) in hydrolysis followed by esterification released free fatty acids and transesterification glycerides sunflower waste cooking oil WCO. A specific enzymatic activity 719.05 ?mol mg?1 h?1 (60 % conversion triglycerides towards acids) was WCO with 0.05 bio...

In this study, waste and discarded cooking oils (WCO) of palm, sunflower, rice bran groundnut are collected from local restaurants. The high viscous WCO was converted into oil biodiesel (WCOBD) by a single-stage transesterification process. During the process, important parameters which show significant change in yield studied using optimization tool response surface methodology (RSM). Results ...

Reusing reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAPs) provides economic, social, and environmental benefits. To improve the performance of these materials, rejuvenating agents such as waste cooking oil (WCO) have been implemented. The annual amounts RAP WCO available in Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga (AMB) were calculated to be 32 thousand 22 tons per year, respectively. Subsequently, international sta...