We conducted an extensive literature review on studies that have used DNA sequences to detect cryptic species of parasites during the last decade. Each literature citation that included the term "cryptic" or "sibling" species was analyzed to determine the approach used by the author(s). Reports were carefully filtered to retain only those that recognized the existence of cryptic species centere...

The presence of a vulvar ulcer in adolescent patients is a diagnostic challenge for physicians and a cause of signifi cant stress for parents and patients.1 Vulvar ulcer is considered a rare condition. However, physicians who specialize in the care of adolescents and children with vulvar pathology consider vulvar ulcers to be a frequent complaint.2 A structured approach facilitates the study of...

Several theorists have proposed that distinctions are needed between different positive emotional states, and that these discriminations may be particularly useful in the domain of vocal signals (Ekman, 1992b, Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200; Scherer, 1986, Psychological Bulletin, 99, 143–165). We report an investigation into the hypothesis that positive basic emotions have distinct vocal exp...

the sasanian settlements located persian gulf shores proving the economic-political sovereignty of iran over the persian gulf through preislamic era denotes commercial relations between iran and other regions. the remains of sasanian sites and scattered ceramic sherds help us to apprehend the history of the socio-political organization of the persian gulf sphere and recognize the interactions b...

‘Innovations’ are central to the evolution of societies and the evolution of life. But what constitutes an innovation? We can often agree after the event when its consequences and impact over a long term are known whether something was an innovation or not, and whether it was a ‘big’ innovation or a ‘minor’ one. But can we recognize an innovation ‘on the fly’ as it appears? Successful entrepren...

The first epigenomes from archaic hominins (AH) and ancient anatomically modern humans (AMH) have recently been characterized, based, however, on a limited number of samples. The extent to which ancient genome-wide epigenetic landscapes can be reconstructed thus remains contentious. Here, we present epiPALEOMIX, an open-source and user-friendly pipeline that exploits post-mortem DNA degradation...

How individual faces are encoded by neurons in high-level visual areas has been a subject of active debate. An influential model is that neurons encode specific faces. However, Chang and Tsao conclusively show that, instead, these neurons encode features along specific axes, which explains why they were previously found to respond to apparently different faces.