Climate is a complex abstract concept, and, since the appearance of climatology as a science, many definitions of the concept have been given. In this chapter, when speaking about the climate of an area, we shall mean the naturally determined regime that creates the weather sequence in the area, conditioned by solar radiation, underlying surface, atmospheric circulation and other controlling fa...

Pollen respiratory allergies have been increasing in prevalence over the last two decades, partly as the result of the impact of climate change. For many allergenic trees, grass and weed species, increased pollen production and prolonged pollination period result in long-term increased abundance of pollen allergens in the atmosphere; earlier shifts of airborne pollen grains and prolonged exposu...

1. introduction forest fire is considered as a natural disaster and a major potential threat in many parts of the world. it also has a huge impact on the form and compounds of different species and the spatial pattern of plant coverage. fires in forests and pastures are one of the world's most important issues, not only environmentally, but also from an economic and social aspect. forest fires ...

1. introduction during the past decade, many efforts for investigating the relationship among air pollution and meteorological factors have been undertaken and some statistical methods have been proposed. population increase and technological advancement were among the factors affecting creation and extension of air pollution in big cities, forcing large cities all over the world to contemplate...

introduction climate has always been one the main factors of designing urban spaces in iran since past centuries. by analyzing urban spaces it can be concluded that different cities have different urban spaces due to climate differences. one of the main reasons of the differences in the type and orientation of urban spaces is the climate as one of the key factors in designing these areas. regar...

The dryness of terrestrial climate can be measured by the ratio of annual precipitation (P) to potential evapotranspiration (PET), where the latter represents the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, which depends on the surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and available energy. This study examines how the terrestrial mean aridity responds to global warming in terms of P/PET...

The effect of climate change on wildfires constitutes a serious concern in fire-prone regions with complex fire behavior such as the Mediterranean. The coarse resolution of future climate projections produced by General Circulation Models (GCMs) prevents their direct use in local climate change studies. Statistical downscaling techniques bridge this gap using empirical models that link the syno...

The GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) data processing for the Vaisala RS92 radiosonde was developed to meet the criteria for reference measurements. These criteria stipulate the collection of metadata, the use of well-documented correction algorithms, and estimates of the measurement uncertainty. An important and novel aspect of the GRUAN processing is t...

Background and Aim: Climate change on the earth is changing faster than ever before in the history. Cities are highly vulnerable to this climate change. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate climate change in the metropolis of Tehran during the period 1991-2020 and help understand the limitations that cities may have in confronting climate change. Materials and Methods: This descri...