Response surface techniques allow us to combine results from a large number of inexpensive low fidelity analyses with a small number of expensive high fidelity analyses for constructing inexpensive and accurate approximations. The paper demonstrates this approach by constructing approximations to wing bending material weight of a high speed civil transport (HSCT). The approximations employ a la...

In this paper, the equation of motion of an elastic 2 DoF wing model has been derived using Lagranges method. The aerodynamic loads on the wing were calculated via the Strip-Theory and the effect of compressibility was included. Wing deflections due to bending and twist motions were determined using the Assume-Mode method. The aeroelastic equations were solved numerically using the V-g method. ...

BACKGROUND Insulin and ecdysone are the key extrinsic regulators of growth for the wing imaginal disks of insects. In vitro tissue culture studies have shown that these two growth regulators act synergistically: either factor alone stimulates only limited growth, but together they stimulate disks to grow at a rate identical to that observed in situ. It is generally thought that insulin signalin...

Flying animals morph and flex their wings during flight. Their with the turbulent flow created around them. The of modern airplanes do not have this ability. In study we show that ability to leads greater stability (higher flutter speed), is due more uniform distribution stresses in flexing wing. This way wing becomes lightest per unit flapping force, or strongest weight.

Flapping flight places strenuous requirements on the physiological performance of an animal. Bird flight muscles, particularly at smaller body sizes, generally contract at high frequencies and do substantial work in order to produce the aerodynamic power needed to support the animal's weight in the air and to overcome drag. This is in contrast to terrestrial locomotion, which offers mechanisms ...

As aircraft wings become much more flexible due to the use of light-weight composites material, adverse aerodynamics at off-design performance can result from changes in wing shapes due to aeroelastic deflections. Increased drag, hence more fuel burn, is a potential consequence. Without means for aeroelastic compensation, the benefit of weight reduction from the use of light-weight material cou...

How does a hovering hummingbird compensate for the loss of flight feathers during moult when the mechanism of lift force generation by flapping wings is impaired? The flight performance of five individual ruby-throated hummingbirds with moulting primary flight feathers and reduced wing area was compared with that before their moult. Hummingbirds were flown in reduced air densities using normoxi...

An extensive experimental investigation to study the flow structure over the wing of a fighter type configuration model has been conducted. The model used for this study was similar to the High Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV) that has been used in various European research centers for studying its force and moment characteristics. Tests were conducted at two subsonic speeds and at low to moderate...

The purpose of this work is to use level set topology optimization to improve the design of a representative wing box structure for the NASA common research model. The objective is to minimize the total compliance of the structure under aerodynamic and body force loading, where the aerodynamic loading is coupled to the structural deformation. A taxi bump case was also considered, where only bod...

Introduction A fundamental part of aircraft design involves the wing airfoil optimization, establishing an outer shape of the wing which has good aerodynamic performance, good internal volume distribution for fuel and systems and which also serves as an efficient structural member supporting the weight of the aircraft. As for all optimization tasks, the complexity of the problem is directly cou...