A Kiefer–Wolfowitz or simultaneous perturbation algorithm that uses either one-sided or two-sided randomized differences and truncations at randomly varying bounds is given in this paper. At each iteration of the algorithm only two observations are required in contrast to 2` observations, where ` is the dimension, in the classical algorithm. The algorithm given here is shown to be convergent un...

In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of deciding whether a tted model accurately describes the data to which it has been tted. We have developed an eeective method of testing the lack-of-t of a parametric model to data, with applications to the computer vision problems of robust estimation, model selection, and curve and surface segmentation. The beneets of this technique are high s...

this paper examines the short- and long-run effects of domestic research and development (r&d;) and foreign r&d; (throw the channels of capital goods import and foreign direct investment) on iranian economic growth using of endogenous growth models and bounds test approach to level relationship over the period of 1351-1386. bounds test approach results confirm the existence of long-run relation...