To understand evolutionary paths connecting diverse biological forms, we defined a three-dimensional genotypic space separating two flower color morphs of Antirrhinum. A hybrid zone between morphs showed a steep cline specifically at genes controlling flower color differences, indicating that these loci are under selection. Antirrhinum species with diverse floral phenotypes formed a U-shaped cl...

There are light-yellow flower cultivars of sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus L.), but no deep-yellow ones. Observation flowers under ultraviolet and blue light suggested that carotenoids responsible for the coloration. We carried out both spectroscopic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses floral extracts a cultivar, ‘Artemis’, revealed pigments not flavonoids, carotenoids, among wh...

The Gladiolus is the largest genus in the family Iridaceae that contains many bulbous plants from southern Africa. Flower coloration varies from white, yellow, pink, red to purple. Some anthocyanins have been isolated as flower pigments, but other flavonoids are hardly reported. In this survey, the anthocyanins and other flavonoids of the bluish cultivar, G. x grandiflora ‘Ariake’ were isolated...

introduction: contrast sensitivity is one of the most important psychophysical tests that may be used for the evaluation of refractive state of eye and retinal image quality. yellow vs. blue color contrast sensitivity may be more suitable in this regard. materials and methods: thirty myopic eyes were considered in this study. yellow vs. blue color contrast sensitivity was evaluated under the sa...

We quantified pollinator visit behavior, pollen receipt and export, and changes in allele and genotype frequencies from initial Hardy- Weinberg conditions in experimental arrays of two color morphs of snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus) visited by freely foraging bumble bees (Bombus appositus and B. flavifrons). The number of pollen grains received by a flower depended most on the number of pollina...

In congenital color blindness the red-green discrimination is impaired resulting in an increased confusion between those colors with yellow. Our post-receptoral physiological mechanisms are organized in two pathways for color perception, a red-green (protanopic and deuteranopic) and a blue-yellow (tritanopic). We argue that the discrimination losses in the yellow area in congenital color vision...

development of a suitable method for color sorting of agricultural products such as: tomato, apple and orange, based on surface reflection and image formation was the goal of this research. a suitable scheme of color differentiation using an optic head and electrical processing circuitry for separating red from green and other colors is presented. a photo-conductive transducer, electrical resis...

abstract-manual harvesting of saffron as a laborious and exhausting job; it not only raises production costs, but also reduces the quality due to contaminations. saffron quality could be enhanced if automated harvesting is substituted. as the main step towards designing a saffron harvester robot, an appropriate algorithm was developed in this study based on image processing techniques to recogn...