Steady-state and time-dependent Hadley circulations are investigated with an idealized dry GCM, in which thermal forcing is represented as relaxation of temperatures toward a radiative-equilibrium state. The latitude f0 of maximum radiative-equilibrium temperature is progressively displaced off the equator or varied in time to study how the Hadley circulation responds to seasonally varying forc...

Analytic and numerical solutions are found for the nonlinear Hadley circulation problem with respect to the dependence of the strength and the extent of the Hadley circulation on the thermal relaxation time. The dependence on the thermal relaxation time is a crucial parameter to investigate since the simplifications used in previous studies assumed a large thermal relaxation time, to justify th...

We propose using a Bayes procedure with uniform improper prior to determine credible belts for the mean of a Poisson distribution in the presence of background and for the continuous problem of measuring a non-negative quantity θ with a normally distributed measurement error. Within the Bayesian framework, these belts are optimal. The credible limits are then examined from a frequentist point o...

In recent years, the Northern Hemisphere has suffered several devastating regional summer weather extremes, such as the European heat wave in 2003, the Russian heat wave and the Indus river flood in Pakistan in 2010, and the heat wave in the United States in 2011. Here, we propose a common mechanism for the generation of persistent longitudinal planetary-scale high-amplitude patterns of the atm...

The physics experiments on the HL-2A tokamak have been focused on confinement improvement, particle and thermal transport, zonal flow and turbulence, filament characteristics, energetic particle induced modes, and plasma fueling efficiency since 2008. ELMy H-mode discharges are achieved using combination of NBI heating with ECRH. The power threshold is found to increase with decrease of density...

In this paper, an improved model is presented for analysis of failure probability of the interlayer sliding belts under seismic loads. Firstly, using the theory of the Markov chain, the relation between failure probabilities of specified interlayer sliding belts and elements in this interlayer sliding belt is deduced. Then, the failure function is proposed according to the destructive character...

Fluctuation-driven particle flux is greatly reduced in the plasma radial region where zonal flows are present in the H-1 toroidal heliac. This occurs without reduction in the fluctuation level. Statistical properties of fluctuations are significantly modified in this region. It is shown that the randomization of phases of coherent structures by zonal flows is responsible for the observed effect...

OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of significant injury associated with premature graduation of young (2- to 5-year-old) children to seat belts from child restraint systems (CRS). BACKGROUND Advocates recommend use of child safety seats for children younger than age 4 and booster seats for children age 4 and older. Despite these recommendations, many children are prematurely taken out of these ...