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Microglial activation is a hallmark of human retinal degenerations including Retinitis Pigmentosa and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) [1]. Genetic mouse models have shown that chronic alerted microglia trigger and perpetuate retinal degeneration leading to vision loss [2-3]. Immuno-regulatory microglia exist in the early activation phase but are overwhelmed by rapidly expanding pro-infla...

BACKGROUND To further understand management of pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), we examined disease features, clinical practice patterns, and response to treatment in the United States (US) and seven other countries ('rest of World'; ROW). METHODS Anonymized data, recorded as part of routine clinical practice, were obtained from medical records (1997-2009) of study participant...

Interferon-β (IFN-β) has been widely used in cancer therapy, but the clinical trial results are generally disappointing. Our previous studies have shown that an oncolytic adenovirus carrying IFN-β (ZD55-IFN-β) exhibits significant anti-tumor activities. However, the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here we showed that ZD55-IFN-β infection-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent...

BACKGROUND Methotrexate, a toxic antimetabolite that limits cellular reproduction by acting as an antagonist to folic acid, has been used to control autoimmune disease with different results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of low dose Methotrexate in the relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS Eighty patients with definite RRMS aged 15 to 55 years were ...

Abstract Lyme disease (LD) which is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) poses a global health threat. Bb infection induces type I IFN response that associated with arthritis and other symptoms. However, ligands, PAMPs, signaling pathways production are poorly characterized. Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway an intracellular surveillance detects c-di-nucleotides (CDNs...

Liver steatosis is a common characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease is increasingly recognized as a major health burden. Accumulating evidence suggests that β-glycosphingolipids play an important role in insulin sensitivity and thus could affect hepatic steatosis. To determine the effect associated with β-glycosphingolipid-mediated amelioration of liver injury, se...

BACKGROUND/AIM β-Thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) is a common hereditary anemia in Thailand. Ineffective erythropoiesis due to apoptosis and decreased lifespan of circulating thalassemic red blood cells are the major causes of anemia. Changes to bone marrow microenvironment could contribute to apoptotic events. This study examined the effects of cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis fac...