Alexander Rosewell, Rosheila Dagina, Manoj Murhekar, Berry Ropa, Enoch Posanai, Samir Dutta, Ian Barr, Glen Mola, Anthony Zwi, and C. Raina MacIntyre Author affi liations: World Health Organization, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (A. Rosewell, M. Murhekar); University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A. Rosewell, A. Zwi, C.R. MacIntyre); National Department of Health, Por...

Introduction: The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) [1] on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft ranged to clouds over the course of nearly two Mars years [2] using an active laser ranging system. While ranging to the surface, the instrument was also able to measure the product of the surface reflectivity with the two-way atmospheric transmission at 1064 nm. Furthermore, the reflectivity has no...

Introduction: Studies by Frey et al. [1,2] and Frey [3,4] indicate the northern lowlands of Mars have been in existence for nearly all of martian history, predating even the very large impacts Hellas, Argyre and Isidis. Large populations of “Quasi-Circular Depressions” (QCDs) were observed in the northern lowlands in MOLA data where few impacts were visible in surface imagery. These “non-visibl...