BACKGROUND Opioids are commonly used to treat dyspnoea in palliative medicine but there has been no formal evaluation of the evidence for their effectiveness in the treatment of dyspnoea. A systematic review was therefore carried out to examine this. METHODS The criteria for inclusion required that studies were double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trials of opioids for the treatment o...

Morphine and other opioids are widely used to manage moderate to severe acute pain syndromes, such as pain associated with trauma or postoperative pain, and they have been used to manage chronic pain, even chronic nonmalignant pain. However, recent years have seen a renewed recognition of the potential for overuse, misuse, and abuse of opioids. Therefore, prescribing opioids is challenging for ...

introduction: optimum pain management immediately after surgeries can lower the possibility of pain syndrome and its following consequences. opioids are amongst the analgesics used for postoperative pain control; however, their application can bring about several adverse effects. in this study, all the published articles regarding efficacy of paracetamol   in post-cardiac surgery pain managemen...

It has been more than two decades since neuraxial opioids first underwent rigorous clinical study for use in humans. The intraspinal route of administration is now commonly used to administer anesthetics and analgesics. Addition of opioids to intraspinal administered local anesthetic provides an effective and prolonged analgesia. However, the physiochemical properties of opioids may influence t...

Guidelines for the use of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain have recently been proposed by the American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry. Older guidelines proposed by American pain organizations had the effect of liberalizing opioid prescription. In recent years, dramatic increases in prescribed opioids have been followed by equally dramatic rises in morbidity and mortality from prescript...

objective : in this study, the effects of estradiol valerate and raloxifenea selective estrogen receptor modulator; (serm) on morphine induced sensitization were examined in mice memory, according to the step-down passive avoidance task. method: the mice received morphine or estradiol and raloxifene for three days alone or in combination with morphine. after a drug free period of 5 days, the su...

BACKGROUND The buprenorphine transdermal system (BTDS) is approved in the US for the management of chronic pain. Due to its high affinity for μ-opioid receptors with a slow dissociation profile, buprenorphine may potentially displace or prevent the binding of competing μ-opioid-receptor agonists, including immediate-release (IR) opioids, in a dose-dependent manner. Health care professionals may...

Human societies have witnessed the phenomenon of ever-increasing use of pharmaceutical opioids for a long time. Moreover, cultural, social, and economic aspects in any community have undergone the negative effects of the growing tendency toward opioids addiction. Since abusing pharmaceutical opioids is a serious problem, it is important to recognize and prioritize the factors influencing this a...

BACKGROUND Intrathecal opioid administration has been used widely in patients suffering from severe cancer pain that is not managed with conventional modalities. However, the potential serious neurological complications from the procedure and the side effects of intrathecal opioids have made many clinicians reluctant to employ continuous intrathecal analgesia as a first-line therapeutic option ...