pragmatic aspect of second language (l2) as a component of communicative competence has recently received more attention. many research studies have investigated the gap between native and nonnative speakers’ command of l2 pragmatics. however, development of l2 pragmatics has been the focus of few studies. in this study, how coursebooks can help both nonnative teachers and learners develop l2 p...

To determine when and how L2 learners start to process L2 words affectively and semantically, we conducted a longitudinal study on their interaction in adult L2 learners. In four test sessions, spanning half a year of L2 learning, we monitored behavioral and ERP learning-related changes for one and the same set of words by means of a primed lexical-decision paradigm with L1 primes and L2 target...

Many studies in the past decade have shown that "earlier is better" as far as learning a second language (L2) is concerned. That is, individuals who began learning their L2 in late adolescence or early adulthood ("late bilinguals") usually resemble native speakers of the L2 less than individuals who began learning their L2 in childhood ("early bilinguals") do. Early bilinguals have been shown t...

The present study identifies Russian orthography and problems with orthographic-phonological conversion as the major source of non-target reductions both in reading and spontaneous speech in the Russian interlanguage (IL) of American learners. It focuses on the role of inflectional morphology and shows that grammatical inflections have a higher rate of spelling induced reductions than the same ...

این مقاله بنا دارد تا رمان دورهمی از اَن اِنرایت را با نظریه پَساحافظه بررسی و تحلیل کند. تحقیق چنین استدلال می کند که به نوعی یک متن پَساحافظه‌ای است در آن، راوی نه تنها دنبال ثبت حفظِ زمان گذشته بلکه همچنین پِی برملا کردنِ حقیقت یا غیرحقیقت رازگشایی کنارآمدن آشتی‌کردن خود نهایت پذیرشِ مقوله مرگ حکمِ واقعیتی مطلق است. برای متن، مفهوم مارین هرش بهره جسته مکانیسم‌ها استراتژی‌هایی نسل‌های متوالی خانواده ک...

based on the controversial beliefs among l2 teachers about effective corrective feedback (cf) strategies, recast and prompts as 2 kinds of cf have drawn the attention of l2 researchers(e.g., braidi, 2002; iwashita, 2003; loewen & philp, 2006; panova & lyster, 2002; sheen, 2004). despite these numbers of studies, debate continues to exist about their usefulness as a cf technique. whereas...

Speech of late bilinguals has frequently been described in terms of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) from the native language (L1) to the second language (L2), but CLI from the L2 to the L1 has received relatively little attention. This article addresses L2 attainment and L1 attrition in voicing systems through measures of voice onset time (VOT) in two groups of Dutch-German late bilinguals in ...

This study investigates the influence of L1 on L2 with respect to linguistic rhythm. The L2 English of French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish speakers is compared with L1 English. The results show that the linguistic rhythm of L1 transfers to L2. Compared to L1 English, L2 English has shorter stressed vowels but longer reduced vowel. Stressed vowels in the L2 English of stress-timed lang...

critical pedagogy (cp) empowers l2 learners to have a voice in the classroom and in the society. this study was an attempt to investigate whether the current classroom discourse  in  iran  can  endow  the  l2  learners with  a  critical  awareness  to  actively transform their learning processes and creatively engage in collaborative dialogues to construct new knowledge. to this end, the discou...