This study aims to introduce and discuss contextual Neural Gas (CNG), a variant of the Neural Gas algorithm, which explicitly accounts for spatial dependencies within spatial data. The main idea of the CNG is to map spatially close observations to neurons, which are close with respect to their rank distance. Thus, spatial dependency is incorporated independently from the attributes of the data ...

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) evaluated the performance of diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), and hybrid electric (equipped with BAE Systems’ HybriDrive propulsion system) transit buses at New York City Transit (NYCT). CNG, Gen I and Gen II hybrid electric propulsion systems were compared on fuel economy, maintenance and operating costs per mile, and reliability. These comp...

the preparation of air–fuel mixture is considerably dependent on fluid flow dynamics to achieve improved performance, efficiency, and engine combustion in the appearance of flow. in this study, the effects of mixtures of hydrogen and compressed natural gas (cng) on a spark ignition engine are numerically considered. this article presents the results of a direct-injection engine using methane–hy...

By Gucan Dai, Ph.D. Washington State University May, 2014 Chair: Michael D. Varnum Photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are critical for converting light inputs into electrical signals that are ultimately processed as visual information. However, it is not well understood how exactly photoreceptor CNG channels are regulated. Since the first study showing the direct activation of...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (cng channels) in the sensory membrane of olfactory receptor cells, activated after the odorant-induced increase of cytosolic cAMP concentration, conduct the receptor current that elicits electrical excitation of the receptor neurons. We investigated properties of cng channels from frog and rat using inside-out and outside-out membrane patches excised from isola...

Sensory transduction in olfactory neurons involves the activation of a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel by cAMP. Previous studies identified a CNG channel alpha subunit (CNG2) and a beta subunit (CNG5), which when heterologously expressed form a channel with properties similar but not identical to those of native olfactory neurons. We have cloned a new type of CNG channel beta subunit (CNG...

Problem statement: This study describes the use of Reformer Gas (RG) to alter NOx emission in a CNG-fueled HCCI engine. Comparison with diesel, natural gas has a very high octane number (≈120) and high auto-ignition temperature (≈600°C). Composed mostly of methane, natural gas is the only common fuel to manifest relatively pure, single-stage combustion. Other fuels have stronger low-temperature...

This study assesses the fire safety risks associated with compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle systems, comprising primarily a typical school bus and supporting fuel infrastructure. The study determines the sensitivity of the results to variations in component failure rates and consequences of fire events. The components and subsystems that contribute most to fire safety risk are determined. Fi...

Towards Integrated Powertrain Control for a Mild-Hybrid Urban Vehicle with a Downsized Turbo-Charged CNG Engine — Compressed natural gas (CNG) is considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels for transportation due to its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, in particular) and its abundance. An earlier study from IFP has shown that CNG has a considerable potential when u...

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a substitution of alternative fuel for automotive application with significant environmental advantages as it is the only fuel cheaper than gasoline or diesel, comparatively lower air pollution emissions, lesser CO2 emissions. However, emission of methane is 40% more in CNG fuelled engines compared to gasoline and diesel. With the exponential growth in CNG fuelle...