background: dendritic cells (dcs) are professional antigen presenting cells that have an important role in the initiation of immune response. the use of maturation factors in dendritic cell differentiation provides a promising approach in immunotherapy. objective: in this study, we compared tumor necrosis factor-α, polyribocytidylic acid, lipopolysacharide and cpg oligonucleotides in inducing d...

CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) has two backbones. Phosphorothioate backbone (PS) shows a strong immunostimulating effect while phosphodiester (PE) shows little in vivo. 3' hexameric deoxyriboguanosine-run (3' dG(6)-run) conjugation to PE CpG-ODN has been reported to enhance immunostimulation and to protect against asthma when injected at the time of sensitization in mice. We evaluated the treat...

The central pattern generator (CPG) is a group of interconnected neurons, existing in biological systems as control center for oscillatory behaviors. We propose new approach based on the multivariable harmonic balance to characterize relationship between oscillation profile (frequency, amplitude, phase) and interconnections within CPG, modeled weakly coupled oscillators. In particular, taking a...

Conventional class B cytosine-guanine (CpG) (CpG-B) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODNs) consisting of a single-stranded (ss) phosphorothioate (PT) backbone (ss CpG-B-PT) is converted from a proinflammatory cytokine inducer to a type-I interferon (IFN) inducer when complexed with cationic materials. In this study, we designed ss CpG-B and double-stranded (ds) CpG-B ODNs with a phosphodiester (PD) backbo...