To define the roles of the calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (AC1 and AC8) in morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance, physical dependence, and conditioned place preference, we used mice having targeted disruptions of either the AC1 or AC8 genes or both genes [double knockout mice (DKO)]. Mice lacking either AC1 or AC8 genes or DKO did not differ from wild-type mice in short-term antinocice...

Background Cohen's Kappa is the most used agreement statistic in literature. However, under certain conditions, it is affected by a paradox which returns biased estimates of the statistic itself. Objective The aim of the study is to provide sufficient information which allows the reader to make an informed choice of the correct agreement measure, by underlining some optimal properties of Gwet...

Cocaine sensitization is produced by repeated exposure to the drug and is thought to reflect neuroadaptations that contribute to addiction. Here, we identify the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases, type 1 (AC1) and type 8 (AC8), as novel regulators of this behavioral plasticity. We show that, whereas AC1 and AC8 single knock-out mice (AC1(-/-) and AC8(-/-)) exhibit Ca(2+)-stimulated...

BACKGROUND Rater agreement is important in clinical research, and Cohen's Kappa is a widely used method for assessing inter-rater reliability; however, there are well documented statistical problems associated with the measure. In order to assess its utility, we evaluated it against Gwet's AC1 and compared the results. METHODS This study was carried out across 67 patients (56% males) aged 18 ...

Calmodulin (CaM), by mediating the stimulation of the activity of two adenylyl cyclases (ACs), plays a key role in integrating the cAMP and Ca(2+) signaling systems. These ACs, AC1 and AC8, by decoding discrete Ca(2+) signals can contribute to fine-tuning intracellular cAMP dynamics, particularly in neurons where they predominate. CaM comprises an α-helical linker separating two globular region...

It is not clear why the N-terminal autoantigenic determinant of myelin basic protein (MBP), Ac1-9, is dominant in the B1O.PL (H-2(u)) mouse, given its weak I-A(u)-MHC binding affinity. Similarly, how do high-affinity T cells specific for this determinant avoid negative selection? Because the MBP:1-9 sequence is embryonically expressed uniquely in the context of Golli-MBP, determinants were soug...

cAMP occupies a strategic position to control neuronal responses to a large variety of developmental cues. We have analyzed the role of calcium-stimulated adenylate cyclase 1 (AC1) in the development of retinal topographic maps. AC1 is expressed in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from embryonic day 15 to adulthood with a peak during the first postnatal week. At that time, the other calcium-stimul...

Abstract We aim to prospectively investigate, in a large and heterogeneous population, the electroencephalogram (EEG)-reading performances of EEG technologists. A total 8 technologists 5 certified neurophysiologists independently analyzed 20-min recordings. Interrater agreement (IRA) for predefined pattern identification between neurophysiologits was assessed using percentage (PA) Gwet-AC1. Amo...

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a major devastating viral disease, majorly affecting the tomato production globally. The disease transmitted by Whitefly. Begomovirus having six protein coding genes, among them C1/AC1 evidently associated with replication. Owing to immense role of gene, present study an initial effort elucidate factors shaping codon usage bias and evolutionary pattern T...