Code Division Multiple Accesses (CDMA), one of the effective and efficient technologies, is used in 2nd generation (2G), 3rd generation (3G) wireless and becomes one of potential candidates for the physical layer of 4G mobile systems with the aim of improving cell capacity communication. The paper presents the CDMA system with Broadside antenna array is proposed for a multipath fading channel. ...

Performance of Rake reception of Ultra Wideband (UWB) signals is evaluated from energy capture perspective. In addition to ordinary all Rake (ARake) and selective Rake (SRake) receivers which are considered in conventional spread spectrum communications, we introduce optimum ARake and SRake receivers which include the estimation of delay of the combining multipaths. Impact of pulse-width is dis...

Signal fading due to variations in channel characteristics is one of the major factors limiting the performance of modern mobile wireless communication systems. To overcome fading, various diversity techniques have been developed that eeectively transmit multiple copies of the signal over the channel. The state-of-the-art receiver used in code-division multiple access systems is the RAKE receiv...

Tooth shape was investigated in 20 species of extant European carnivorans with diverse diets. The rake angle of the upper and lower carnassial crests were measured. The rake angle is the angle of the leading surface of the crest with the direction of movement and is an indicator of the mechanical efficiency of a crest. The omnivores and meat/bone feeder were found to have very low and often neg...

Abstract – The use of Rake Receiver in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) system provides a unique and valuable means of combating the adverse effects of short-term multipath fading in mobile radio propagation environments. The transmitted signal bandwidth in WCDMA system is much larger than the coherent bandwidth of the channel, in this case the channel is frequency selective chann...

Aggressive behaviour is rarely observed, but may have a large impact on the social structure, relationships and interactions in animal societies. Long-term behavioural study of Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, suggests that males are more aggressive than females, and use sexual coercion during the breeding season, but age and sex-specific patterns of aggression have not...