Evidence increasingly suggests that sub-Saharan Africa is at the center of human evolution and understanding routes of dispersal "out of Africa" is thus becoming increasingly important. The Sahara Desert is considered by many to be an obstacle to these dispersals and a Nile corridor route has been proposed to cross it. Here we provide evidence that the Sahara was not an effective barrier and in...

[1] We retrieved column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCO2) from backscattered short-wave infrared (SWIR) sunlight measured by the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). Over two years of XCO2 retrieved from GOSAT is compared with XCO2 inferred from collocated SWIR measurements by seven ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) s...

childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. the problem is global and is steadily affecting many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. the prevalence has increased at an alarming rate. globally, in 2013 the number of overweight children under the age of five years old, is estimated to be over 42 million. close to 31 mill...

There is a large body of research devoted to hunting lions in the Sahara Desert [2]. In none of these, however, is any concern given to feeding the lion once it is captured. In this note, we propose feeding Stan Wagon to the lion. Place an orange in the middle of the Sahara Desert. Cut it up into a finite number of pieces and rearrange the pieces to form the Sun. The gravity of the Sun will the...

[1] This paper compares seasonal and spatial variations of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) albedos with those from the Common Land Model (CLM) by land cover type. MODIS albedo data in the year 2001 were used to determine seasonal, spatial, and land cover dependence at 1 km resolution and to investigate the biases in CLM. Albedo dependence on vegetation type is smaller than...

Many problems in mathematics and science require the use of infinite-dimensional spaces. Consequently, there is need for an analogue of the finite-dimensional notions of ‘Lebesgue almost every’ and ‘Lebesgue measure zero’ in the infinite-dimensional setting. The theory of prevalence addresses this need and provides a powerful framework for describing generic behavior in a probabilistic way. We ...

Dr. Afshari’s editorial gives insight on human nature (1). Collaborative willingness usually occurs when different sides perceive personal benefit, or when institutions mandate collaboration. This is not unique between higher and lower income countries; many working in global emergency medicine (EM) observe this within wealthier countries. It exists among collaborators in low resource settings....

Electronic order book trading has evolved in being recognized as the best-practice for trading small and mid-sized orders. Yet, this mechanism does not properly address the needs of large-sized orders which tend to execute off order book in over-the-counter markets. Order book trading provides for public price discovery but not for quantity discovery. Off book executions generally fragment the ...