Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a metabolic disorder with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Global pattern of diabetic nephropathy incidence is not entirely explored, but its incidence has already occurred widely and is estimated to be increased in prevalence [1]. However, DN is one of the main microvascular diabetic complications that leads to renal failure worldwide [2-5]. While, DN occur in...

The lpr gene induces in mice, accumulation of large numbers of CD4-CD8- (double negative [DN]) T lymphocytes which bear adhesion molecules not characteristic of normal resting T cells. These cells fail to acquire interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptors, produce IL-2, and proliferate when activated with mitogens or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the T cell receptor (TCR). Because of these poor func...

Large sample confidence intervals often have the form Dn ± z1−α/2 SE(Dn) whereDn is an estimator of the parameter and P (Z ≤ zα) = α when Z has a normal N(0,1) distribution. Replacing z1−α/2 by tp,1−α/2 can be viewed as multiplying z1−α/2 SE(Dn) by a finite sample correction factor tp,1−α/2/z1−α/2 in order to improve the performance of the interval for small sample sizes. This technique is used...

Let DN be the linear space spanned by the ej for j ≤ N then if the orthogonal decomposition H = DN ⊕D⊥ N gives u = u′ + u′′ and the distance d(u,DN ) = ‖u′′‖ so the finite dimensional approximation property follows from (2). Conversely, suppose that K is closed and bounded and has the FDAP. By the assumed boundedness, any sequence in K has a weakly convergent subsequence. Denote such a sequence...

Let F be a graph of order v(F) ≥ 3 and size e(F), and let ρ(F) = (e(F) − 1)/(v(F) − 2). It is shown that if Gn is a graph of order n with average degree dn ≥ 2, then r(F ,Gn) ≥ c ( dn log dn )ρ(F) for all n, where c = c(F) > 0 is a constant. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex disorder caused by the combined effects of genetic inheritance and environmental factors. The abnormal secretion of albumin via urine is the characteristic feature of a diabetic nephropathy (DN) patient. Moreover, the detection of this observable characteristic feature of DN is quite late. As a result the time, at which DN is observable, large extent of kidney...

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of low-frequency electrical muscle stimulation (ES) on the decrease in muscle mass, fiber size, capillary supply, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) immunoreactivity in the early stages of denervation-induced limb disuse. Direct ES was performed on the tibialis anterior muscle following denervation in seven-week-old male rats. The r...

INTRODUCTION St. Thomas' cardioplegic solution No. 2 (ST), although most widely used in adult cardiac surgery, needs to be given at short intervals, causing additional myocardial injury. AIM To determine whether del Nido (DN) cardioplegia, with longer periods of arrest, provides equivalent myocardial protection as compared to ST. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study population comprised 100 patie...

D-branes can end on orbifold planes if the action of the orbifold group includes (−1)FL . We consider configurations of D-branes ending on such orbifolds and study the low-energy theory on their worldvolume. We apply our results to gauge theories with eight supercharges in three and four dimensions. We explain how mirror symmetry for N = 4 d = 3 gauge theories with gauge group Sp(k) and matter ...