The sets generated as the long time attractors of “physical” dynamical systems described by ordinary differential equations or discrete evolution equations in the case of maps such as the Hénon map appear to be very complicated, often with unpleasant properties such as the lack of robustness (the parameters leading to chaotic and nonchaotic solution may be intertwined on an arbitrarily small sc...

Computi ng is the science of information processing, and the generation and manipulation of information pervades all aspects of computing. Nevertheless, we feel confident in asserting that information—data and knowledge—is even more important in the Grid environment than in other domains. We make this assertion for two reasons. First, the virtual organizations that define Grid systems are forme...

A well-constituted plant or animal cell is most certainly equipped with a functional, regulated organization of its impressive array of molecules, and there is no reason to suppose that the coenocytic hypha of a watermold is constructed differently from the cells of other eukaryotes in this regard. Unfortunately, there is a vexatious shortcoming to the collection of facts surrounding the biolog...

The primal-dual method increases the dual variables gradually until some dual constraint becomes tight. Then, the primal variable corresponding to the tight dual constraint is ‘bought’ (or selected), and the process continues till we get a feasible primal solution. Next, we compare the value of the primal solution to the value of the dual solution to get an appropriate approximation factor (or ...