Abstract The addition of the time dimension to three-dimensional (3D) printing has introduced four-dimensional (4D) technology, which gained considerable attention in different fields such as medical, art, and engineering. Nowadays, bioscience some ideas can be fulfilled by 4D printing. Blending with variations caused situation many beneficial aspects perceptibility adaptability. Since create a...

Cellulose is one of the most versatile biopolymers found in nature. Its use now transitioning from sustainability-focused development to provide technical solutions across a wide range applications. This review paper describes cellulose as reinforcement biocomposites and recent related advances 3D printing technologies, including 4D (responsive/smart) current/future Relevant aspects such origin...

Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology by adding the dimension of time-dependent reconfiguration into 3D printing. It enables printed structure to change shape, property, or functionality under external stimuli such as temperature, magnetic field, and light, etc. Among existing 4D structures, thermal responsive structures are widely used for their easy operation. However, slow...