The heat shock proteins (Hsps) that are abundantly expressed in insects are important modulators of insect survival. The expression of different Hsp genes are induced and modulated in insects in response to environmental inputs including abiotic stresses such as heat shock, ultraviolet radiation, chemical pesticides, as well as biotic stresses such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and other insects....

A plant disorder is defined as any abnormal plant growth or development. The affected plant does not live up to the normal expectations; it is incapable of carrying out its normal physiological functions to the best of its genetic potential. There are almost an unlimited number of factors that can have a negative affect plants. Disorders can be broken down into two main categories, abiotic diso...