The microwave absorption at frequencies between 10 MHz and 4 GHz is measured for aqueous brine droplets dispersed in a dielectric medium (epsilon(')=2.0). By varying the size of the droplets, ion type and ion concentration, it is found that the microwave absorption goes through a maximum which depends on the type of ions and their concentration. The absorption process is attributed to the polar...

Using a numerical model of solar radiative transfer that is calibrated against benchmark computations, it is shown that atmospheric water vapor, together with the microphysical characteristics of water drops (liquid water path and effective radius), plays an important role in the total solar spectrum reflection and absorption in overcast skies. For any specific cloud type, the water vapor colum...

The effect that cirrus clouds have upon the radiation emitted to space from the earth-atmosphere system is studied theoretically using a matrix method for computing the transfer of radiation in model cloud layers. The matrix method, which in essence is a generalization of a multi-streams approximation, is used to obtain the thermal radiation emitted by the clouds as well as their transmissiviti...

The intensity, spectrum and polarization of gyro-synchrotron radiation from an arbitrary distribution of electrons in a magnetoactive plasma are calculated. These calculations are based on detailed theories of gyro-synchrotron emission and absorption as well as on the equations of radiation transfer in the limit of large Faraday rotation. By performing extensive numerical calculations, for both...

where i, r, and t label the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves, respectively. The solution is based on the fact that eq. (1) holds separately for each polarization of the emitted radiation, and is also independent of the angle of the radiation. This result is implicit in Planck’s derivation [5] of Kirchhoff’s law of radiation, and is stated explicitly in [6]. That law describes the ther...