This review will discuss the latest knowledge of how the endocannabinoid system might be involved in treating addiction to the most common illicit drugs. Experimental models are providing increasing evidence for the pharmacological management of endocannabinoid signaling not only to block the direct reinforcing effects of cannabis, opioids, nicotine and ethanol, but also for preventing relapse ...

In this study data from a large representative community sample of adolescents were analysed to investigate the relationship between a history of sexual abuse and adolescent functioning. Emotional problems, behavioural problems, suicidal thoughts and behaviour of boys and girls with a history of sexual abuse were compared to those in a matched control group of boys and girls without such a hist...

This review examines the development of cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonists as a new class of therapeutic agents for drug addiction. Abused drugs [alcohol, opiates, Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), and psychostimulants, including nicotine] elicit a variety of chronically relapsing disorders by interacting with endogenous neural pathways in the brain. In particular, they share th...

The reinforcing effects of abused drugs are mediated by their ability to elevate nucleus accumbens dopamine. Amphetamine (AMPH) was historically thought to increase dopamine by an action potential-independent, non-exocytotic type of release called efflux, involving reversal of dopamine transporter function and driven by vesicular dopamine depletion. Growing evidence suggests that AMPH also acts...

Sir, In Asia, Illicit opium and cannabis are produced mainly in Afghanistan, which makes major social and health problems for some countries, particularly Iran as the neighborhood. [1] In Iran, opium and hashish have been used for near 300 years, [2] but other drugs such as heroin, buprenorphine, cocaine, tramadol, and ecstasy are new drugs of abuse in this country. [3-6] Abuses of the new drug...

A trend in the increasing use of prescription psychoactive drugs (PADs), including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers, has been reported United States globally. In addition, there an increase production usage illicit PADs emergence new substances (NPSs) all over world. pose unique challenges for critical care providers who may encounter toxicology issues due to drug interacti...

Corticoids have found their way into the globe of sports, due to anti-inflammatory properties, and often be added dietary supplements for illegally improving effectiveness products. Earlier studies describe detection corticoids in several matrices, but this can an incessant continuous process as long because doping practices continue. In study, we report a technique verify concurrently 44 forem...

BACKGROUND The Lewis (LEW) and Fischer (F344) rat strains appear differentially sensitive to the aversive effects of several used and abused drugs. Naloxone, a mu opioid receptor antagonist that induces aversions in outbred rats but has no abuse potential, was assessed to determine the characteristics of compounds for which the strains differ. METHODS Opioid-naïve male LEW and F344 rats were ...